May 23, 18S8.] 



Garden and Forest. 



149 



etc., some time after their manufacture. This would indi- 

 cate a much greater long-evity, though the instances are 

 probably exceptional. When full grown the grub is yel- 

 low and has the appearance 

 shown in Figure 28 at c. It is 

 provided with three pairs of 

 very minute legs, scarcely 

 distinguishable without a 

 lens. At this time it maybe 

 found in a burrow in the hard 

 wood, but which has been 

 carried to the surface or at 

 leastto the bark. The burrow 

 is an ellipse in a cross section 

 as shown in Figure 26, and in 

 some cases reaches half an inch in its longer diameter, but 

 may e.xtend for three or four niches, running with the 

 grain of the wood. The change from this stage to the 

 chrysalis stage (Figure 28) takes place in the latter part of 

 winter or in spring, occasional ones being found as early 

 as the first of January. The gallery in which the change 



Fig. 26. — Crops section of Hickorv r.ticic 



showing {galleries of Chion citictiis. 



Diameter, x ^^. 



(From natiue, bv H. Osljorn.) 



Fig. 27. — Longitudinal section of Hickory stick showing galleries of Chion cinctus. 

 Diameter x >2. {From nature, by H', Osborn.) 



takes place is loosely filled with chips, before and behind 

 the chrysalis, so that it is partially protected, while no dith- 

 cult boring is left for the adult to perform. ' 



The adult beetles (Figure 28, e, male : f, antenna? of 

 female), for the S])ecimens I reared, issued quite uniformly 

 during the last two weeks of Ma3^ These are grayish- 

 brown in color, an inch or more in length, and have 

 commonly a yellowish oblique band on each wing cover. 

 This band, however, is often wanting The front part of 

 the body is cylindrical with a sharp spine at each side, 

 and there are two spines at the end of each wing. The 

 antennse of the males are more than twice the length of 

 the body, while those of the female are only about the 



Fig. 28. — Chion cinct Its. — Drury. a, eggs, natural size, .^.enlarged; f, larva, full 



grown : d, pupa, side view ; e, adult male : /, antenna of female. 



(From nature, by H. Osborn.) 



length of the body. It is evident that any measures 

 designed to protect the timber must be adapted to the time 

 and method of egg deposition, since it is utterly useless to 

 attempt the destruction of the grubs after they have become 

 established in their burrows. Growing timber is so slightly 

 affected, that its protection is not necessary ; but timber 

 intended for manufacturing purposes, and even for firewood, 

 unless used the first year after felling, must be protected 



to avoiil injury. Timber cut in the fall or early winter, 

 and becoming thoroughly dried before the beetles appear 

 in the following summer, will not be so badly attacked, 

 which very likely accounts for the superstition concerning 

 the proper time of the moon in which to cut timber. It is 

 often asserted, also, that if the bark be peeled off no 

 damage will be done. This, although wanting accurate 

 experiment, seems to be well founded. Timber intended 

 for use in the factory, if valuable enough to warrant the 

 expense, could be protected by housing it before the latter 

 part of Way, care being taken that windows or other 

 openings in the shed or building, large enough to admit 

 beetles, be protected by means of wire screens. 



Herherl Osborn. 



New or Little Known Plants. 



Delphinium viride."- 



THIS Larkspur (Fig. 29. page 150) of the mountains of 

 Chihuahua is a novelty in its combination of colors. 

 \^'e have Larkspurs blue and Larkspurs white, also pink 

 and scarlet, and even occasionally yellow ; but here we 

 have the sepals and the long, stout spur of a decidedly 

 yellowish green, while the short petals in the centre are 

 deep purple. The species is probably a biennial or a 

 winter annual, M-ith a rather stout root, and is about two 

 feet high. It was found during the last season by Mr. 

 Pringle on gra\'elly bluffs along streams at the eastern 

 base of the Sierra Madre. Seeds were secured, and it is 

 hoped that it may be successfully grown. .S'. IF. 



Cultural Department. 

 How ti) Prepnre a Bed foi" Roses. 



'"PHE amateur can grow Roses equal in qualitv to the fine 

 -*- specimens which are seen on exhibition tables ; Ijut to do 

 tliis there must l.ie no misstep in the cultivation from the verv 

 beginning. And at the very beginning must be met the ciues- 

 tions, "Where shall we plant and how shall -we prepare the 

 soil .' " 



The Ijed should be somewhere in a fairly open place, where 

 the plants can have at least,6or7 hours of sunshine from 

 April till November. If the shadow of a house or fence falls 

 on the bed three or four hours a day tlie result will not be 

 fatal, but sunshine all day is to l)e preferred. Again, the bed 

 must be away from trees ; not only from under their shade 

 and drip, but so far away tliat their roots do not rob the bed of 

 its moisture and fertility. Finally, never plant Roses in an old 

 bed or border where Roses have been growing before per- 

 haps for years. If no other place is available, all the old soil 

 to the depth of two feet should be dug out and carted awav 

 and the bed filled in with good fresh soil. This point is of 

 vital importance. 



Any good loamy soil, when properly fertilized, will grow 

 Roses. By good loamy soil I mean soil ranging between what 

 gardeners call light sandy loam and heavy clay loam. But 

 where the soil approaches the first limit — that is, where it is of a 

 light, sandy texture, it will be materially helped if some clay 

 or heavy loam is mixed with it. On the other hand, a heavy 

 clay loam will be rendered more porous and better if some 

 sand is thoroughly forked through it. 



Of course the bed can be shaped to suit the fancy, but beds 

 star-shaped, or with anv other intricate outline, such as we see 

 made for Coleus and Geraniums, are not to be conmiended. 

 The Roses look better, and can be better cared for, in a circu- 

 lar bed or square block. For a dozen plants a round bed 

 need be no more than four feet six inches in diameter. Nine 

 plants can be placed at equal distances in a circle about 8 or 9 

 inches from the border, and the remaining three can be placed 

 Avithin this circle at equal distances from each other and from 

 the outer row. A bed eight feet eight inches in diameter will 

 accommodate three dozen plants if they are arranged in three 

 circular rows fifteen inches apart, with seventeen plants in the 

 outer row, twelve in the next, six in the next and one in the 

 centre. 



'"^ D. VIRIDE, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xxiii. coS. Glaucous and mostly glabrous, 

 2 feet high ; leaves pedatelv cleft, the segments acutely lobed, the upper leaves 

 more deeplv and narrowly "divided : flowers rather few. on long pedicels : calyx 

 pubescent, yellowish greens, the sepals 6 lines and the stout spur lo lines long; 

 petals jiurple, 3 lines long; capsules pubescent. 



