3i8 



Garden, and Forest. 



are spoken of hereafter, require special treatment, and a few- 

 have resisted attempts to cultivate them successfully, but they 

 are greatly in tlie'minority. They are naiip&niy in the minor- 

 ity, but they comprise, lor the most part, jiiose species which 

 are very sni,cill and unimportantvto the ■ general cultivator. 

 Moderate sunshine is desirable foi; Fern's; provided it is not 

 prolonged eiiough to drv uyj all moisture from the soil. A 

 good, deep, liipist loam, such as 'would l)e found o,p the north 

 side of low buHdings, fences or wal^, or beneath tt^e shade of 

 trees that are,t3ot too absorptive of jhioisture, is s^ good place 

 for a Fern border. I riS my garden if he finest spe^mens get 

 nearly fultsunliglit during the first mlt of the day. '\yv six-foot 

 board fence, a's viM as distant buildihgs and trees to ihe south, 

 thougli not overlfenging the Ferns at all, ca^t.a siiadepn them 

 in the middle of the day and in t|(e aftci:hoi'n, and~'help to 

 retain moisture in the soil by shadijjig adjai cut ground.' \ 

 SPeras-are grateful for all the cfire that may be bestowed 

 onV-them -in, the way of watering; but yi-l uifi-,t ,-jiecies--'' 

 willYif) very well without it in fa\or.ible situations. Tfie 

 writer's Ferns, with the exception ^f delicate species in pots, 

 are watered only occasionally iii tjhe hiMtest midsuinmer 

 weatheV.as that; attention is neetfed misiT by t>tlM r phuits. 

 A border which has lieen under cultivation atid ^M 11 iiiriclnd. 

 is the belBt for all l.)ut very delicate Jferns. Hardy/Ferhs'are 

 benefited\'bv rich spiband thrive iSi borders which •liave lieen;^ 

 dressed fcir \i'ars with w(H-iYitlfd manure. To coi(('^' nature i'^ 

 very well iH attCDipting lo ciiliuale .plants that are/difficult to 

 grow or have ii.-siste^l ordinary m.ethpds of hancjling, but no 

 one should kn.o^v better than , a hi?r;ticulturist th^t natm-e -'can , 

 l>e improved \ipon, and Ferns form' no excepti.e'n to the, gen-/ 

 eral rule. Giv& Ferns rich soil, good cutturey and old,, well-" 

 rotted manurc.'CiT coarser'hiariureias a ihp dressing in , th^ 

 autumn, and dug in in- spring. They will, respond kindly to 

 such treatment, and. well established specjniens of many of 

 the large species 'Will' become rich^ luxuriant growing pilants, 

 which will compare favorably with ;the ver;y finest specimt?iis 

 to be found growing naturally. As a winter covering fox deli- 

 cate Ferns in the open groi^md, IS^lt ;,marsh grass, straw or 

 leaves maybe used; for ail thtVstrc^ltef.ones.liUery manure is 

 desirable. Some Ferns, mostlyXheWmaUer ^indniore dehcate 

 species, it is best to plant with p'feallor leaf, i.nould about! the 

 roots. Such additions, though not\Jle^cessal^y, wciu.ld dba 

 be advantageous to all species. \ '.. 



Besides those Ferns which are pifiicctly h;iiii\-, then 

 many species from the New Englan(|l woods, as well as 

 our North-west and from Europe, wthiclj will tluive if 

 have an extra protection in winter, |and \vhicli, "u ace 

 of their beauty and interest, well p 

 protection is l.)est given l>y having su( 

 can be covered bv a cold-frame in wm 

 autumn after the ground has sliglit 

 uncover except for occasional exanj) 

 is entirely removed in early sprint 

 The kinds for which this and other 

 will be noted in the discussion of spectes later 



It may be well to state what is meant by hffftjiness or want 

 of it in the discussion of nafive Ferns. Thosfflwhich live sue 

 cessfully in the open ground in this vicinity|ilm|hout any win 

 ter protection other than a slight covering, KMi as is com 

 monly used for Imrdy Irerbaceous plants, I'arfe considered 

 hardy. Thuc arejiothti Ferns irom warm(||jii'^r more pro- 

 tected locahf^es or \>e\\\ ips hoUet ted in the s.tJfie^liH ,ality with 

 perfectly ha/il\? sjiecie^. vlnch is a matter <il experience, are 

 found to belnot pi rfertlv h ird\ T^iese eitlier'vwiU. ^tiot stand 

 most wintci\ oj? i \crv -^i \eje \s inter, like th^^'fesf .bnCj will 

 carry them olf Fhc ^^ mt of hini-mess may b'e Sue to's^veral 

 causes. Thehi^tand m isf nituial cause is that thejfvtieed 

 more warmth thp.n f)ur cokhMhiteis afford thertri.rt.'an unpro- 

 tected garden ^-They may, |come from dense'' '^•Qoiis .ihd 

 shaded cliffs, wheie, naturalh, a winter covering! fit smAv 

 protects them from the vicissitudes of chaneing temperature 

 to which they are subjectea m an open garden, or, agam, they 

 may be plants a little difficult to cultivate, which may be grown 

 an,qgfggfuJ}j;,Jiq>v;eKftr,,i{ qrilyi sp^fftd. tjie f4;y,i|i)ig,pe,riP(kofn?)iM; 

 c.l'^0g^§hIe;iJ}J(3\\i,r:E'"'gil3(54u.K'.nJei;-5!i,i-.,T4tej syiii5jai.pi;i.)}PaKi9 

 sp!ii<}tiiiflifSj,^pppsidef.edi,'ti>,e ,;ca),>sei,iQ£,i fiiiJjMjTgittp iGjuJitivating 

 pkih]g,iJ?yti.j^Uh,, Ferns.,., ;if-, in dr)itWeaftl\e.r.SHffii<5i,<fij;t;\vptef,,js 

 §iiIUwpfl,,jWs:,Cfiii?e'.,pegd.>0?>.f Ip^igftiwdersick, l ■, nn.a xuo '.iioii 

 vteJoiiv/org >.;3.j-.Hj-: .r,/h OI gnibiODi.ii ,'i-^eATit Tb.;,FW?fesP«i-/it 

 djDi; iO •ijjluv ->!(T .lloijt'/iniJO boO<! vd bv>ll!6)u'o Vji^iitS ^d 



>j©f iCfiwiSirdfo lolfl iiStrawbttorl)?; Jiqds) -shisulflj ilot' d.iie 'Uliawod; . itb 

 tiiiaiur©'.a ul".d)pidf: weed:feeeds.-i:!But.plo'ug:liiing lipth© il.bed^;aTtd: 

 replacing the old plants with new ones is generally' better 

 pijactkiei thani !any icjffort at icletiil ing thoni'.! » Sti^on'g plants ;iet 

 liOiWicasiJihelGO.iMatedionifoina goodifcrop'iieoDtijiea-ri • . ;jiii luipri 



jl:.iil--.-.' ^biiol ■.'=•-.! i: ; 1 . .1 u.-Mii v!-i-|il)i-, -...I Ml l.ii;>; -(d %'i;ru -;iill 



The 



Cultivation of 



/1!.m! // -.1). bin. .1 



[August 29, 

 Mushrooms. 



;■'. f.'ii i:'A> vlliiub.'jr'j 



1S88. 



ire 

 Dm 



aey 

 tmt 



nay this trouble. This 

 specfcs<yfiia bed which 

 iter. %^4^ late in the 

 (v fro/lfen'; ''and do not 

 lation until the frame 

 jieforc tlip; Ferns start, 

 fecial CkL'je is desirable 



OUR M'tehro.ohaj'hcruse Ss'iU'rKlergroUnd'; leiglityjthl-eeifeet 

 longj eightandia /(if.'uaiiter feet wJdeiand'Seveti/fedt-high; 

 It is arched; with, ).);'iqk. land heatedibyia Hitchi,ngfi;ba^er.lnii;n?,r 

 lioiler, an(,L,a, f<aur-.inpli,,l,iDt,.\\,'<it5r, .pjpffialpp.g e,^f^lvsjt)e, QL?'')? 

 house. 'Wq encfeavpr to liay'e .MT^Vhropms frojii |he^enci. .of 

 October or 'fir^ of ^lov(STl'l3er■'|ili the eiid'df.'Apnl, wheri'mag- 

 gots begin' 'to ihfeSt the'" ~Mus!hr'oon'is, aTitl' on'' this' IfccoiWft', 

 together \vitM fh'i^' 'wartrt"M-e&flT'ef,' i't'iS- liseilesB'-tA'-'Sftefribf ^b 

 grow them; dtiring Ithe sulfitaer;^ ■• A-gi'' it fakes! 'afeo-Ht itenuor 

 twelve weeks from ; the tilmeiiitheilnaaniire; :Js.-gatlifirfed .'till 

 Mushroomst-Can r]esso.Mitbly..l)(^l0'pk,?.4 for, it,,iS'..tinitq t<ibegiti 

 now ipprdqr.tq li^ive ,thqnj.ii-i.,Noyerotqr^/i,d,Pf];eml^eii;,^ ^^ 

 son>^ season's M.ushroqni's are .qtul.t.e ple'nfifuk'inj .th'ej^'gastijr^s 

 in •'September'Hnti, 'October, l^iiit "good n'atural crops a^e riot 



/alway^ to b^ f-id,"'ej'e|t iii-'fftVo'raWe iiasti(fcs'.-'' ' ,w.r:.>.'!.i moil 

 "We use hrtrse-inartu'rd,' as fresh as te'rt- be grjiV'yWfi with'^the 

 roughest pkrt of the straw :sliiakfen Out. - Mafiarft (h^* 94as beeti 

 wejl moistened in the stable or in the barn. ddla^istofe'tteff'tlian 

 th^ dry manL)rq:rqnioyed;frqm-.the,§tfiblq,e\cery m.oratti.g.'iiof 

 this we liEiye £(|i!"ii)al.pif"op|,,a^itbiq3tl^f' bpA^jfe'Va^.sVii^ySiibggn 



'nSade ofj maniure-,that has accuniulajted./in :tlif) 'Cellaj:v&).r ,a 

 iponth before it was used. Whue manure irpm s.tables.jp 

 *hich salt hay' 'has' tieeii ' used for 'bedding' sh&'iird''''hot'be 

 taken, I would use manure f rom ^sta+ales where corn-husks, 

 straw, hay or .sawdust is used, but straw is prefej-able. Some 



/growers prefer to use tletiiVdl^opph'igs, bbt'IJl-'iaiv'e never found 

 this an advantage ; some mix loam with the manure, but this 

 has not been foulnd ofi ad\!antag.Q:Here.. Senile /bidciki depre- 

 cate the use of manure from stables where carrots are fed, 

 liut tliis is lionsense, as"«atrbts'are fet^he■^eA'«^•y'libe^^^lyi ^nll 

 the manure^frbiTiithfi cttrrotd'ed ''stock' raises'exGfeHSihit crops. 



In preparing the manur^l get 'tog^^the'r e^'i-oilgh'-fdi-i^i'dtieti', 

 say one-qukrt«r ' or ohMialf '-cord,' arttl"'teve dr--a'tt ieqiUUy 

 moist; ifataHJdiy',klo'Tiqt'liqsitdte»"fe''ni<liiSfenl^il'i\i^th'wattf-. 

 Then tliFO'w it info a-'heapto ferm'efit.-''*'Wa fe^is'-idaVs.'w'hqA 

 the heat rjsiefe to aboHt"!2'ffl™'turJT it= ©ver- I'^t th^* s^me^tiFrie 

 shake it tiip'lhosely/ arRj^'evielY dtiy 'qTiitwo..kft!e¥wa¥dB',*=fbi^'^ 

 couple of weeks or lort'K'r,'itCFrn'iition-ei-:'agai'ni.'- ■-'Thd:-l-«?iiyHH 

 for turning 'it sd-aften>is la :g€t'«d'of the 'rarrlt' 'Wea't,'>wtth6ut 

 letting theifnaiUirfe'get "ll.itirn'eA'''i-Whentlye ti?h1peratHT-4 tif 

 the pile shows'Ao tenyency to ■risie"ab'oVe'T2o°,.it'ts'fi^'tqiuSeK'l 

 In privjae"! ga'rdens' thei%^ lar^ "of ten' ' regtiTSi* ' iXkiSHi^dorti 

 houses, in! which. itheifetdS'-aiieMii'dde 'Upon 1h-e'fl«id)i' or '•PH'^d'x 

 shelves, -ohe' 'above" thei otlve^i-'likti berths' ira'tHe-^^dab'iW^Jf 

 a ship. JBht ' tredsl may' bt- ■ m'ade! 'in- any ' Id-n' 'dellhr -or-'fehBli; 

 or under ■tll« drenches I :irl green-h(3ti$es'; bhiJioSt anywtepei 

 indeed, whelre'ith#y,'oaw.'!l'>e Ikept idTiy*tind •teiw^jferately-* wai>nii 

 Absolute, da-rkiiess' is' hiot fit all 'n!ecessaby,'bot;;shieltef'tfrbH4 

 windy draughts 1 arid 'Si\ad^ triom''. sunshine'- ai^e liedefi'sar^J 

 The out-door >taiMiv«tio.ni of Mu^hr(b(!>'m4,ij>fadtr«;ed4"rii'EYii'%e', 

 is not praotrieable-here.>. -;>■ iui-j'l .d.n.il !.> (join.vhlij-, -^.liT 



The lieds rnialybe of iawv' width' offengtto-tierlve'n'iei'it-' ftifJd 

 about t\ye-l've. inches' deop.i '^In' Aiaiking theirn'i.ahak&''4hs 

 manure loosslvvso'as 'tb sjpfead'iit e\^epi!ywlth0rr 'bewtii;*Jtrfead 

 it down very'-firmly.' 1 jto a^'few :da!i}'6i'the-thleat- Wflili'probafcity 

 rise to 1 3efi lob [ 125''; Ijut'Ifet-'iit^ s'ubslde'-te. 'i<Db°<^oi!t>therfeabo(iate 

 before pltteti-rig .thd spa*ni'" Yl-yi''ii-> l>i!-"(|-jb ob aaio-.jq,- r^oll 

 We have us'edithe^ English '!il-ic>k 'and 'Prenlchi'iliakeistpa*-«1 

 the English gives ■ larger ' Mus-hroomsi and- the'French ' Whitdr 

 ones, but!*© i prefer the ibrioksl.' u-When the^'beicft 'i's! in'IpFOpet 

 cdf|dition 'for spawning,; 'br(iatelJup''1som'e! brick-spawn 'iifttd 

 pieces aboLlttwd inchcs!eqliJire-;and'plaht -these ^iefces into thfe 

 suj-face of the'bedi'thi-ee inchesideepi'aitid ili rows' about"m'ft!e 

 inqlVes apart eae&way. iTheri' smooth oi-^ei-'thd surface ^Of the 

 b(^d and pack it firmly, as.befor'e. .-Some te-taddal'^aftcir'lAafft- 

 in'g-i the spawn a-pply ;i, cxD!atir»«!of 'freish-'IOannl.pwe^'tO .twii'mc'hies 

 deep overth-e'.betl.'ahdbeat'dt' down';smooth'and;fiTnr).|i - Eti- 

 deavor to nlaintsin asteiady tbiJnperaturc'O'f 60'^ day -atiMi riigM 

 A higher-'itemperatbre mayj ' hasten' 1 Jt-he' 1 crOp,- 'S low-er-oitfe 

 retard it, but we have had, with a temperatdreoef 1.6o''J!fh!6 

 best sucGqss.!-. I.ti-'U ..n ■<<. -yiy:'-) ;':;-i-! I 1<. ai-i'iimbB t.ii! oJ' 

 i.Shou'kl, 'the'ibeds!i.b^domejtdryiisprjnktei:'ith'eln-lii--vii!th'i1?e^d 

 w:rier, -Init do -nobg-iive 1 enbugh- to> isoak I throm-gh ' the soil' 'and 

 ihito theimanuircsprltliie. vtatert hjay r6t the'S-pawii:- ■IVeh+ftatg 

 voryi.carefu'lly i;i-so-10hg-as the 'atm'ospherel is s^veet'i.'eirjblktle 

 ven|tilatiqa.'iisiaiieededs-'.!Never vbrttitatet -td ■rj4diuce''teh5perai- 

 ture. Avoid an over high artificial temperature; if it, rxins 

 tiig'li6't-:th^iy,6o'''witho'u.t,fife-he;al, ventilate io jiurify the atmoa- 

 piMMjatri-eii-'thai'V to lovvOr the tem]5eratur(\ ,- y ..; -"^-', 



, We gatWqi-fhe MushToon'is just as tlvoir. gills. ai:f.'^ii;5Wfiwi 

 if riot.gatherediiintil .the.heads are spread out thej-.item da-rk 

 sxnoiv'af ter lieing c!tlt and^ kr^.'tejui'hf^- an^ df;;pO0t^f, fla>;!^-'_|fldH 



y<3WAg*e'r,pifip;t^;; '.'^ ;;:;;, ;,;;7';";:;-.i ':„n"-' .(.)''■.../ vi-.i^ i^u. ,..-i^..--.i .'....;^ 



