January 6. 1S97.] 



Garden and Forest. 



GARDEN AND FOREST. 



PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY 



THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. 



Office: Tribune Building, New York. 



Conducted by 



Professor C. S. Sargent. 



ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST-OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. V. 



NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 6, 1897. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Editorial Articles:— Pattern's Spruce. (With figures.) i 



The Planting of Shrubberies i 



An Outline ot a Course in Horticulture IV. M. Mutisoh. 2 



Three Natural Parks G. U. Hoy. 3 



Plant Notes : — The Lilies of our Pacific Coast Carl Purely. 4 



Cultural Department: — Notes on Cypripediums A. Herrington. 4 



Nepenthes IVilliam Scott. 5 



Hints on Propagation IV. H. Tallin. 7 



Climbing Plants for Indoor Decoration J. A. Don. Z 



Correspondence :— Dendrolene Professor J. B. Smith. S 



R ecent Publications g 



Notes 10 



Illustrations : — Patton's Spruce, Tsuga Pattoniana, on Mount Ranier, Fig. 1... 6 



Patton's Spruce on Mount Ranier, Fig. 2 7 



Patton's Spruce. 



BY the increasing number of travelers who explore the 

 high mountains of the Pacific states, which are its 

 only home, the lovely Mountain Hemlock is now usually 

 known as Patton's Spruce. Perhaps best considered a 

 Hemlock, this tree differs from other Hemlocks in its long, 

 narrow cones and in its more acute leaves usually keeled 

 on the upper surface, and its bilobed pollen grains ; and 

 in general appearance it is one of the most distinct and 

 beautiful of the North American conifers. 



Tsuga Pattoniana, as botanists call this tree, was discov- 

 ered only about forty-five years ago near Mount Baker, in 

 northern Washington, by the Scotch collector Jeffrey,and was 

 named out of compliment to George Patton, a Scotch lawyer, 

 who was given to the cultivation of exotic trees, and was 

 one of the subscribers to the fund which enabled Jeffrey to 

 explore the forests of north-western America. 



Patton's Spruce is now known to range from Alaska, 

 where it grows at the level of the sea, southward along the 

 mountain ranges of Biitish Columbia, west of the conti- 

 nental divide, the two slopes of the Cascade Mountains of 

 Washington and Oregon and the California Sierra Nevada, 

 where probably on the upper waters of some of the tribu- 

 taries of King's River it finds its most southern home. It 

 is a tree of high altitudes, and, except at the extreme north, 

 it is found only near the timber-line, forming with Pinus 

 albicaulis and Abies lasiocarpa extensive forests. 



Patton's Spruce is a tree of marvelous grace, with droop- 

 ing branches clothed with thickly clustered leaves, abun- 

 dant elongated narrow cones, which hang on slender 

 spray-like branchlets, and on some individuals arc bright 

 purple, and light yellow on others in the same grove. The 

 foliage, too, differs in color, being on some trees dark green 

 and on others light blue-green, a peculiarity which has led 

 to some confusion of nomenclature, the blue-leaf form often 

 appearing in gardens as Tsuga (or Abies) Hookeriana. 



Patton's Spruce grows in the greatest perfection on the 

 slopes below Crater Lake, in the Cascade Mountains of 

 southern Oregon, forming here extensive and nearly pure 

 forests, in which individual trees one hundred feet high, 

 with stout massive stems five or six feet in diameter, are 



abundant. Such a growth is probably not exceptional, and 

 this tree is abundant and conspicuous at the timber-line of 

 Mount Hood, Mount Ranier, and on the Selkirk and other 

 mountains of British Columbia. On Mount Ranier, with 

 Abies amabilis and Abies lasiocarpa, it forms a large part 

 of the forest growth, growing above the banks of glaciers 

 in great luxuriance. Some idea of the upper forest-belt 

 on Ranier can be obtained from our illustrations in this 

 issue; that on page 6 displays the snow-covered summit 

 rising 8,000 feet above the timber-line, with scattered trees 

 of Patton's Spruce on the slope in the foreground, and in 

 the illustration on page 7 the trunks of this tree are dis- 

 played in more detail. 



In Washington and Oregon Patton's Spruce grows at eleva- 

 tions of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea-level, but farther 

 south the timber-line is carried higher, and John Muir, who 

 describes this tree in his Mountains of California as the " must 

 singularly beautiful of all the California conifers," found it 

 growing on the Sierras up to 10,000 feet altitude; and on 

 the edge of Lake Hollow, at an elevation of 9,200 feet, 

 measured a trunk nineteen feet seven inches in circum- 

 ference at four feet above the ground. " No other of our 

 alpine conifers," he tells us, "so finely veils its strength. 

 Its delicate branches yield to the mountain's gentlest 

 breeze, yet it is strong to meet the wildest onsets of the 

 gale — strong not in resistance, but in compliance, bowing 

 snow-laden to the ground, gracefully accepting burial, 

 month after month, in the darkness beneath the heavy 

 mantle of winter. Every tree-lover is sure to regard it 

 with special admiration. Apathetic miners, ever seeking 

 only gain or gold, stop to gaze on first meeting it, and 

 mutter to themselves 'That is a mighty pretty tree.' The 

 deer love to lie down beneath its spreading branches ; 

 bright streams from the snow that is always near ripple 

 through its groves, and Bryanthus spreads precious carpets 

 in its shade. But the best words only hint its charms." 



Introduced into Scotch plantations by its discoverer, 

 Patton's Spruce has shown that it is fairly adaptable to 

 altered climatic conditions, and it may now be seen in 

 many European collections, and although it has not yet 

 had sufficient time to attain maturity in cultivation, it is an 

 ornamental tree of much promise in several European 

 countries. Patton's Spruce, moreover, is one of the com- 

 paratively small number of the conifers of the Pacific states 

 which thrive in the east, and although, like most alpine 

 conifers, it grows extremely slowly at the sea-level, it has 

 for several years withstood without injury the changeable 

 winters and dry summers of the New England climate. 



The Planting of Shrubberies. 



IN furnishing small areas about modest country and 

 suburban houses, and, indeed, for a great many other 

 purposes in larger and more pretentious grounds, public 

 and private, deciduous flowering shrubs are so effective in 

 this climate that every one who wishes to plant intelli- 

 gently should be familiar with their habits and with the 

 proper way of disposing them. Of course, no place except 

 the very smallest can dispense with trees, and in many 

 places low-growing evergreens, especially the broad-leaved 

 evergreens, can also be used with profit. But when we 

 consider the beauty and variety of their flowers and foli- 

 age and fruit, and the mist of soft color which hovers 

 about their twigs in winter, deciduous shrubs tire, beyond 

 all question, the most important element in planting small 

 grounds. This does not mean that till shrub plantation! 

 satisfactory, for individual plants can be dotted about a 

 lawn in a way that is utterly meaningless. They can be 

 used, however, so as to make a picture which has individ- 

 uality and character, and in which every detail contributes 

 distinctly to the general impression and helps to bring it 

 out in a clear and well-defined way. 



This is an art which requires study and practice, and ;i 

 bulletin lately issued by Professor Bailey, of the Cornell 



