i5 2 



Garden and Forest. 



[Number 478. 



that the children shall grow two kinds of flowers, Sweet 

 Peas and China Asters, because the seeds of each are 

 cheap, they are easy to grow, they are handsome and both 

 come in various colors. There are brief instructions about 

 selecting the ground, making the bed, how and when 

 to plant the seed, the varieties to select, and how to care for 

 and water them. In all cases the reasons for a given treat- 

 ment are suggested. Inasmuch as the experiment station 

 has had a bulletin on each of these plants any one who 

 wants to have more specific knowledge of them is invited 

 to send to the Cornell Experiment Station for these bulletins. 

 Now, it is not wise to expect too much from any scheme 

 like this. No doubt, there are hundreds of children who 

 will plant the seeds and whose enthusiasm will then die 

 out and they will be left as ignorant as they were before ; 

 but any child whose attention has been aroused by his 

 parent or teacher in the manner suggested by the earlier 

 leaflets of this series has his face set in the right direction 

 for the formation of the habit of looking properly at things 

 and drawing correct conclusions from what he sees. If in 

 addition to this the child is asked to write out his observa- 

 tions and conclusions, and to make sketches of his plants 

 at different stages of their growth, he has begun the study 

 of nature in a way that will not only help his intellectual 

 development, but will prove a source of comfort and pleas- 

 ure to him all his life long. We assume that any child in 

 New York state can have one of these leaflets if he chooses. 

 Perhaps, by a stretch of generosity, the director of the sta- 

 tion might send them to places outside of the state. This 

 subject is one of great interest and we shall recur to it 

 again. Meanwhile, we hope that any reader of Garden 

 and Forest who can do so will persuade some boy or girl 

 to try a little garden of these two plants, for there is an 

 advantage in limiting the study to a few kinds only. A 

 place four feet wide and twenty feet long is as large as 

 most boys or girls will take care of. Half of the ground 

 should be devoted to the Peas, the other half to the China 

 Asters, and four or five distinct kinds in different colors will 

 make enough variety. The leaflets, which can probably 

 be had by addressing the Chief Clerk of the College of Agri- 

 culture at Ithaca, New York, give a few necessary direc- 

 tions at the outset, and some suggestions as to the proper 

 line of study will be made later on. 



Notes on the Pine Forests of Southern and 

 Central Arizona. 



MUCH of the forest area of Arizona is in the northern 

 portion of the territory on the Colorado plateau, 

 and our Pine forests reach their highest development in the 

 vicinity of the San Francisco Mountains. From here they 

 stretch northward to and beyond the Grand Canon of the 

 Colorado River, westward to Bill Williams Mountain, and 

 southward to the rim where the Colorado plateau breaks 

 down to the southern plains. This is what is generally 

 known as the coniferous forest area of Arizona. In addition 

 to this, Arizona has considerable timber in the south and 

 central portions of the territory. The many mountain 

 ranges south of the Colorado plateau, reaching an eleva- 

 tion of 7,000 feet, have more or less extended areas of cone- 

 bearing trees. It is of these forests that I desire to speak. 

 The Bradshaw Mountains, Mogollon Mountains, Mazatzal 

 Mountains and the White Mountains may be considered as 

 southern extensions of the Colorado plateau. Of these 

 mountains the Bradshaw Mountains are the most poorly 

 supplied with Pine timber. The forest area of this range 

 of mountains is mostly in the vicinity of Prescott, extend- 

 ing from here about twenty or twenty-five miles south and 

 south-westward. The Mogollon Mountains and the Mazat- 

 zal Mountains are separated from the Bradshaw Mountains 

 by the Verde Valley. Both of these ranges have wide strips 

 of Pine along their summits. The White Mountains are 

 well timbered with White and Yellow Pine, some of 

 the most valuable Pine in the territory being on these 

 mountains. 



Immediately south of these are a number of lower 

 ranges, namely, the Pinal, Superstition, Caliuro and the 

 Gila Mountains. All of these ranges have a narrow fringe 

 of Pine along their summits, varying from a few yards to a 

 half mile in width, and in places extending for some distance 

 down the canons. 



In the south and south-eastern portions of the territory, 

 south of the ranges mentioned, are a number of others with 

 summits reaching to, or nearly to, the height of 10,000 feet. 

 All of these mountains are well timbered above the alti- 

 tude of 7,000 feet. Enumerating these ranges in their 

 order, beginning in the very south-eastern part of the terri- 

 tory, we have theChiricahua, the Huachuca, the Santa Rita, 

 the Rincon and the Santa Catalina Mountains. The entire 

 western and south-western portions of the territory have 

 no high mountains and are therefore entirely destitute of 

 cone-bearing trees. Between the high southern ranges are 

 a number of lower ranges, namely, the Whetstone, the 

 Dragoon, the Mule, the Tucson and the Pinaleno Moun- 

 tains. These ranges are all destitute of Pine, or have very 

 restricted areas of Nut Pines on their higher slopes. 



Confining our attention to the area of Pine in Arizona 

 south of the Colorado plateau, and not taking into consid- 

 eration our three species of Nut Pine, I should place the 

 areas in square miles as follows : The Bradshaw Mountains 

 have about twenty-five square miles that might properly be 

 termed forest. The forest area of these mountains is no- 

 where very dense and consists of narrow, broken stretches 

 of Yellow Pine, Pinus ponderosa scopulorum, along the 

 highest portions of the range. Below the area of Yellow 

 Pine, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet, is a large belt of 

 Nut Pine, P. monophylla, whilefarther down the mountains 

 are thousands of acres covered with a scattered growth of 

 the small Nut Pine, P. edulis. 



The forest area of the Mazatzal Mountains may be placed 

 at about seventy square miles. A dense strip of Yellow Pine 

 extends southward from Baker's butte into this range of 

 mountains. Growing with the Yellow Pine at the higher 

 elevations are scattered specimens of White Pine, Pinus 

 flexilis ; Fir, Abies concolor : Douglas Spruce, Pseudo- 

 tsuga taxifolia ; while at lower elevations are large areas of 

 Junipers and the two Nut Pines (Pinus edulis and P. mono- 

 phylla). The Foxtail Pine, P. Balfouriana, var. aristata, does 

 not seem to reach south of the San Francisco Mountains. 



The Mogollon Mountains have some forty square miles 

 of timber. This area is a continuation of the forests of the 

 Colorado plateau and is very similar to the forests of the 

 Mazatzal range. 



The White Mountains are known to be well timbered, but 

 I am unable to state the area of Pine forests upon them. 

 Taking into consideration their area above 7,000 feet and 

 the various species of Pine collected there, it is safe to esti- 

 mate that at least a hundred square miles of these moun- 

 tains are more or less thickly timbered with Pine. On the 

 higher portions of this range are considerable areas of 

 White Pine, Pinus flexilis, mixed with Fir and Spruce. Many 

 of the canons are lined with an excellent growth of Cypress, 

 Cupressus Arizonica. This tree is also found in the moun- 

 tain ranges to the west. At the Natural Bridge it forms 

 large forests almost to the exclusion of other trees. 



The low mountains south of these four ranges, namely, 

 the Pinal, the Superstition, thr Galluro and the Gila ranges, 

 altogether have not more than thirty-five square miles of 

 what might properly be termed forest area. This area is 

 almost entirely of Yellow Pine, and is represented by narrow 

 fringes along the summits of the mountains and at the 

 upper courses of the canons. Much of these mountains, 

 however, is covered with a scattered growth of Nut Pines, 

 Pinus edulis and P. cembroides. In these low mountains 

 the two species of Nut Pine above mentioned come 

 together, one being a northern species and the other a 

 southern. Below the Pines all these mountains of central 

 Arizona are thickly covered with a dense growth of Scrub 

 Oak, Quercus undulata. 



The distribution of the Pine forests on the high mountains 



