176 
of the owl was probably mw’, in connexion with which I might make a 
long digression. All, however, that I need now say is, that the owl 
when accompanied by the am, which was often made to intersect it, 
and by no other character in the word, was to be read (M~.-O). It 
had different significations, as ‘‘from,”’ mz’ (compare Heb. 77, '3), and 
“« give,” mw (comp. Lat. mun-us |, or in the imperative ma’ (Copt. BR & 
and RXO!F). The sound of the ’ayin was almost certainly that of a 
nasal, but the Egyptians scarcely distinguished it from aleph. Thus the 
name of the ow! was reduced to mu; and the character was thus read, 
especially in foreign words, and especially when followed by the arm. 
In other words, the ow/ had, besides its ordinary value (the indefinite 
syllable - M) a definite syllabic value mu, which it admitted in excep- 
tional cases; as, for example, in the names of the country Mushusha, 
and the city Qargamusha. The boat-frame, which was a perfect equi- 
valent of the ow/, had the same values. Of these names, the former is 
written with the boat-frame and arm (with special exceptional value mz), 
the garden, the eagle, the knotted cord, the eagle, the garden, and the eagle. 
The eagles are expletive characters, and are to be passed over; the three 
characters preceding these are SH-. -W.SH-, which should be read 
shuwsha or shisha. The latter name is written with the knee, the 
eagle, the mouth and bar, the knee, the eagle, the owl, the arm, the gar- 
den, and the eagle. Omitting the eagles and the bar, which are exple- 
tives, and giving their special value to the ow/ and arm, we have 
Q-. —R. Q-. mu. SH- which I read as above. The former of these 
words is the Greek Meoxos, as I stated in my former paper; usha is 
the termination of the nominative singular, answering to os; mush is 
what the Assyrians (who had no SH in their language, and could not 
pronounce it) converted into musk. They spoke of the country, Musk, 
in their genitive, and of the Muskaya, its inhabitants. Qarqamusha is 
another nominative. In Greek it would be written Tapyamos, like 
Ildpyanos ; but it is not found. In Assyrian it is written Qargamusk. . 
Both these names, as well as many others of places in Northern Syria 
and to the northward of it, occurring both in the Egyptian and in the 
Assyrian texts, are, beyond all question, Indo-European. In my former 
paper I committed an error in identifying Qargamusk with Kipxyovov. 
it lay far to the north of this city, and on the opposite bank of the 
Euphrates. This is one instance of a terminal consonant having a spe- 
cial value in which it is initial; and we can have no reason to suppose 
that it is the only such instance. The basin, —K, has for its expletive 
the eagle ; its name was, therefore, K-A. It occurs in the proper name 
T am considering, sometimes twice, and sometimes only once. I see no 
way of accounting for this but by supposing that, though generally ter- 
minal, it might, like the ow/, have a special value in which it was ini- 
tial. It has this value also in the name of Canaan, where it is initial ; 
and this determines its special value to be ka. As for the character 
which begins the word, it has been proved to contain the same conso- 
nant as the long serpent. It has been considered of late as its homo- 
phone; but, according to the principles here laid down, it is more natu- 
ral to consider the one as an initial consonant, the other as a terminal 
