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ancestor founded an abbey at Cashel, in the county of Tipperary, about 
the beginning of the fourteenth century. 
Figs. 30, 381, 32. These represent tombstones from the Cathedral of 
St. Canice, Kilkenny, on which are sculptured trade emblems. The 
first is dated 1609, and is in memory of a weaver named William Hol- 
lichan. It bears on it the shuttle, the rubber, and the stretcher, which 
is constantly applied to the cloth as it is newly woven. The second is 
of Richard Clonan, a shoemaker: his emblems are a large hatehet-like 
knife, a smaller knife like a long trowel, an awl, and an instrument for 
applying heel-ball, the upper leather of a shoe, and a last; and the third 
is of Donatus Brin, a carpenter, his trade being typified by a long half- 
T rule, a bit and brace, a hatchet, and a hand-axe. The two last tomb- 
stones present the peculiarity of appearing to have been carved during 
the lifetime of the owners, spaces having been left blank for the inser- 
tion of the dates of their deaths, which the survivors omitted to fill up. 
In the catacombs at Rome very many of the early Christian tomb- 
stones bear trade emblems on them; and it is singular that this custom 
should have been introduced into Ireland at the close of the sixteenth 
and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. Even yet, at the town of 
Galway, many of the Claddagh men have their trade emblems carved on 
their tombstones, the ‘‘ dearzng’’ of the Admiral of the Claddagh fleet 
being a hooker in chief, above, a basking shark or sunfish, both being 
very “‘ proper.” 
Fig. 33. The head of a beautifully-designed foliated cross in the 
cathedral of St. Canice, seventeenth century. 
Fig. 34. Quaint tombstone, from Faughat old church, county of 
Louth, bearing the letters H. K. and five crosses; possibly seventeenth 
century. 
Fig. 35. Tombstone of Derby O’Bryen, 1690, from the graveyard 
of the old church of Ballypatrick, county of Kilkenny. 
Fig. 36. Singularly rude—seventeenth century—cross and eruci- 
fixion, the former having been designed from the eleventh or twelfth 
century type. The figure is very ill sculptured, and the whole work 
clumsy. Above the head is a cherubim, and at the feet a skull. 
Figs. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41. These are all from modern tombstones, 
which have been designed after the types of ancient crosses. The first 
four examples are from the graveyard of the old church of Killavan, 
near Carrick, county of Wexford; they bear the dates of 1750, 1754, 
and 1821. The cross figure, 41, is from the graveyard of Bannow old 
church, county of Wexford. 
Fig. 42. This represents the well-known tombstone from Selskar 
Church, county of Wexford, which bears on it, in low relief, the repre- 
sentation of a medieval galley and a large human head. This work is 
clearly of the twelfth or thirteenth centuries, and most likely Anglo- 
Norman. 
Fig. 43. I here present you with an undoubted Irish carving of a 
human head, of very nearly, if not the same, period as the former. It 
is to be found in the topmost stone of the outer arch of the doorway of 
the old church of Killeshan, county of Carlow, and the contrast between 
