REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1901 fin 
“3 Adults are killed by heavy frosts but this is not true of 
larvae and “ flaxseeds ” or pupae and hence flies may appear 
and deposit eggs between killing frosts. — 
4 Under certain conditions some of these insects may spend 
nearly a year in the “ flaxseed ” stage. 
The above rules show that egg-depositing flies may appear at 
any time during the growing season, providing weather con- 
ditions are favorable, though naturally we would expect them 
to appear in great numbers only at the first favorable period 
after a large brood had attained the “ flaxseed” or pupal stage. 
Thus, as our springs are usually warm and moist, this means 
that ordinarily most of the “ flaxseeds ” will develop flies in the 
latter part of April or early May. Then there must be a suffi- 
cient period for the completion of a life cycle before another 
brood of flies can appear and if at that time and for a consid- 
erable period thereafter the weather be dry and hot, compara- 
tively few or no flies will appear till conditions change and 
consequently we can not tell just when flies will appear again. 
We do know, however, that early sown winter, wheat is very 
apt to become badly infested in the fall while late sown wheat 
frequently escapes. In the first instance the young wheat is 
up and receives a deposition of eggs before or between killing 
frosts, while in the other case it escapes. Weather conditions 
must always be considered in sowing winter wheat. The gen- 
eral rule for the safe sowing of winter wheat may be stated 
as follows: 
Moist warm weather in early fall will permit the safe sowing 
of wheat at a relatively early date, but when the early fall is 
dry, delay sowing till the latest possible date. The normal or 
average date when wheat can be sown in New York without 
danger of its becoming infested with the Hessian fly is about 
September 20. 
Effects of continued dryness and moisture. Following is an 
interesting record by Dr Riley: 
It has long been known that the Hessian fly flourishes best 
when the chinch bug flourishes least; in other words, that wet 
weather favors it. The prejudicial effect of drouth has not 
peen hitherto observed, that we are aware of, but it was very 
noticeable in parts of Ohio, where the puparia literally dried 
up. Our attention was first called to the general death ef the 
