MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 51 



Life history. Professor Osborn has observed the work of this 

 insect quite closely. He states that its attack is usually con- 

 fined to branches of moderate size, and that its plan of work is 

 somewhat peculiar. At intervals of half an inch or more along 

 the branch double incisions are made in the bark; and, on cutting 

 these away, it was found that they led to excavations of con- 

 siderable size under the bark, in some of which small grubs 

 could be found at work. The borers had the appearance of the 

 common appletree borer and were evidently of one year's growth. 

 This insect makes a longer, more tortuous burrow than c a 1 - 

 c a r a t a , in our experience. Its work in thorn is represented 

 on plate 4, figure 1. 



The pupa as described by Professor Osborn is similar to that 

 of S. Candida but smaller and occupies the central portion 

 of the branch. He further observes that the beetles issue 

 about the middle of June, and, after pairing, the female lays her 

 eggs in the bark, two in a place, distributing them along the 

 branch at distances of half an inch to an inch. On hatching, 

 the grubs work in opposite directions around the branch, living 

 for the first year just beneath the bark and afterward entering 

 the solid wood. Here, after becoming full grown, they pupate 

 and in due time complete their transformations. 



Remedies. The remedial measures advised by Professor Os- 

 born are cutting out and destroying the grubs with as little 

 injury to the bark as possible; and, as he observes, if this is 

 done soon enough, two grubs may be killed at every incision. 

 He also states that some of the smaller woodpeckers are likely 

 to prove most effectual allies in controlling this insect, and their 

 presence in an orchard should be encouraged. Professor Cook has 

 advised the use of the carbolic soap wash, which he states should be 

 applied about June 10. 



Bibliography 



1838 1 Newman, Edward. Ent. Mo. Mag. 5:396 (Original description) 

 1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:164 (Description) 

 1868 Reed, E. B. Can. Ent. 1:19 (Rare at Paris Ont.) 



'Reference unverified. 



