AND COMMERCE. 43 



I have dwelt at some length on this part of my subject, for 

 while we are all anxious to pay due honour to our modern 

 travellers, to Livingstone and Galton, to Speke and Grant, 

 we ought not to forget those who led the way. The memory 

 of great men is a precious legacy, which we cannot afford 

 lightly to surrender, and not the least valuable part of 

 Professor Nilsson's work on the Bronze age is the chapter, 

 in which, he has rescued the memory of Pytheas from the 

 cloud by which it has been so long and so unjustly obscured. 



But even if Sir Cornewall Lewis could have established 

 his case, and destroyed our faith in these particular expe- 

 ditions, still there remain overwhelming proofs of an im- 

 portant and extended commerce in even more ancient times 

 than those of Pytheas or Himilco. The evidence of this 

 has been well put together by Dr. Smith,* of Camborne, 

 to whose work .1 would refer those who may wish for more 

 detailed information ; for the present I must content myself 

 with referring to a few well-known facts, which, however, will 

 be sufficient for my present purpose. 



We know, then, that Marseilles was founded by the Phocean 

 Greeks B.C. 600 ; Carthage is supposed to have been built by 

 the Phoenicians about 800 B.C. ; and Utica, according to 

 Strabo and Pliny, about 300 years earlier still; while, ac- 

 cording to Velleius Paterculus and Pomponius Mela, the city 

 of Gades (Cadiz) was founded by the Tyrians not long after 

 the fall of Troy. Before such facts as these, all a priori 

 improbability of Pytheas' voyage to Norway falls to the 

 ground. The distance between Cadiz and Phoenicia is more 

 than 2000 miles, and is greater than that between Cadiz and 

 Norway. Even, therefore, if Pytheas effected all that has 

 been claimed for him, he will not have made a longer voyage 

 than hundreds of his countrymen had done, a thousand years 

 before. 



* The Cassiterides, by George Smith, LL.D. 



