154 THE FLORA OF 



been discovered at Meilen, Moosseedorf, and Wangen. At the 

 latter place, indeed, many bushels of it were found, the grains 

 being united in large thick lumps. In other cases the 

 grains are free, and without chaff, resembling our present 

 wheat in size and form, while more rarely they are still in 

 the ear. Ears of the Hordeum hexastichon L. (the six-rowed 

 barley) are somewhat numerous. This species differs from 

 the H. vulgare L. in the number of rows and in the smaller 

 size of the grains. According to De Candolle, it was the 

 species generally cultivated by the ancient Greeks, Romans, 

 and Egyptians. In the ears from Wangen, each row has 

 generally ten or eleven grains, which, however, are smaller 

 and shorter than those now grown. 



Still more unexpected was the discovery of bread, or rather 

 cakes, for leaven does not appear to have been used. They 

 were flat and round, from an inch to fifteen lines in thick- 

 ness, and, to judge from one specimen, had a diameter of 

 four or five inches. In other cases the grains seem to have 

 been roasted, coarsely ground between stones, and then either 

 stored up in large earthenware pots, or eaten after being 

 slightly moistened. Grain prepared in a similar manner was 

 used in the Canary Islands at the time they were conquered 

 by Spain, and even now constitutes the principal food of the 

 poorer classes. In what way the ground was prepared for 

 the cultivation of corn we know not, as no implements have 

 as yet been discovered, which can with certainty be regarded 

 as agricultural. 



Carbonised apples and pears have been found at Wan- 

 gen, sometimes whole, sometimes cut into two, or more 

 rarely into four pieces, and evidently dried and put aside 

 for winter use. Apples are more numerous than pears, 

 and have occurred not only at Wangen, but also at Eoben- 

 hausen in Lake Pfeffikon, and at Concise in Lake Neuf- 

 chatel. Both apples and pears are small, and resemble 



