242 AUROCHS. 



All the bones were broken in the usual and characteristic 

 manner. 



As might naturally have been expected, the reindeer has 

 been occasionally found in the peat mosses of Sweden, though 

 not, I believe, as yet in those of England and France. Nor 

 is it represented on any of the ancient British or Gallic 

 coins. Caesar, indeed, mentions it as existing in the great 

 Hercynian forest ; but his description is both imperfect and 

 incorrect. He seems to have heard of it only at second 

 hand, and never to have met with anybody who had actually 

 seen one. It does not appear to have ever been exhibited in 

 the Roman circus. 



The aurochs was common in central and southern Europe, 

 and appears to date back to a period long before the 

 arrival of the mammoth or woolly-haired rhinoceros. It 

 existed in England at the period of the Norwich Crag, its 

 remains occur in the river-drift gravels, the bone-caves, the 

 Lake- villages of Switzerland, and in the peat bogs, though 

 none have yet been found in the shell-mounds of Denmark. 

 M. Lartet thinks that it is represented on a coin of the 

 Santones, which was shown to him by M. de Saulcy. It is 

 stated by Pliny and Seneca to have existed in their times, 

 with the urus, in the great forests of Germany. Though 

 not mentioned by Cassar, it is alluded to in the Niebelungen 

 Lied, and is said to have existed in Prussia down to the year 

 1775. Indeed, it still survives in the imperial forests of 

 Lithuania, where it is preserved by the Emperor of Eussia, 

 and also, according to Nordmann and Von Baer, in some 

 parts of Western Asia. 



The urus seems to have had a wider geographical range 

 even than the aurochs. It has been found throughout 

 Europe, in England, Denmark, and Sweden, in France and 

 Germany, across^ the Alps and Pyrenees, it occurs in Italy 

 and Spain, and even, according to M. Gervais, in Northern 



