260 SICILIAN CAVES. 



2. Bos sp. Teeth, jaws, and other bones. 



3. Equus sp. A few remains. 



4. Cervus tarandus. The reindeer skull and horns. 



5. Cervus sp. Horns. 



6. Ursus spelceus the cave-bear. Lower jaws, teeth, 



and the bones of a hind leg. 



7. Hycena spelcea. Lower jaws, teeth, fragments of 



skulls, and other bones. 



Several flint flakes were also found indiscriminately mixed 

 with these bones, and, according to all appearance, of the 

 same antiquity. They occurred at various depths, from ten 

 inches to eleven feet, and some of them were in the gravel, 

 below the whole of the ochreous cave-earth. One of them 

 was found close to the bones of the left hind leg of a cave- 

 bear. The remains comprised not only the femur, tibia, and 

 fibula, but even the kneepan and astragalus were in their 

 respective places. It is evident, therefore, that the limb 

 must have been imbedded while in a fresh condition, or at 

 least while the bones were held together by the ligaments. 

 As, then, they must have been deposited soon after the death 

 of the animal, it follows that, if man and the cave-bear were 

 not contemporaneous, the cave-bear was the more recent of 

 the two. 



Again, in the grotto of Maccagnone, in Sicily, Dr. Falconer 

 found human traces, consisting of ashes and rude flint imple- 

 ments in a breccia containing bones of the Elephas antiquus, 

 of the hyaena, of a large Ursm, of a Felis (probably F. spelcea), 

 and especially with large numbers of bones belonging to the 

 hippopotamus. The " ceneri impastate," or concrete of ashes 

 had at one time filled the cavern, and a large piece of bone 

 breccia was still cemented to the roof by stalagmite, but 

 owing to some change in the drainage, the greater part had 

 been cleared out again. The presence of the hippopotamus 

 sufficiently proves that the geographical conditions of the 



