PATHOLOGICAL VARIETIES. 45 



and demanded fresh intelligence, which, quite naturally, was 

 found to be contrary to the opinion expressed by Kluegel. In 

 fact, we know that in the Negro the colouring matter extends 

 to most of the mucous membranes whose structure resembles 

 that of the skin. 



The lips are generally black, and we usually find upon the 

 gums, and even upon the palate, a non-continuous coloured 

 membrane, which forms spots of a deep violet colour. Kluegel 

 had concluded too hastily from some particular fact ; he had 

 in his mind, very probably, some Negro with lips, gums, and 

 tongue of a fine rose colour, contrasting as much as possible 

 with the black of his skin. We have had occasion ourselves 

 to observe a similar case as regards a native of Soudan, who 

 was also affected with a sort of partial albinoism of the buccal 

 mucous membrane. 



In anthropology, as in all science requiring observation, it 

 is the averages which ought to be admitted as evidence ; they 

 alone have an absolute value, and can alone lead to positive 

 results. Every isolated phenomenon has its individual value 

 as regards its simple truth, but we are exposed to the greatest 

 errors when we begin to generalise from it. 



The osseous system has been most studied.* In the osseous 

 system, the head, and particularly the skull. We shall be obliged, 

 later on, to refer to the value of cranioscopic proceedings, and 

 the classifications resting on this base. 



The face, as well as the skull, has been the object of atten- 

 tive inquiry ; the smallest differences have been noticed, and 

 almost all have been formed by some one or other into distinct 

 characteristics. We may quote here Berard' s classification, as 

 resumed and developed by Isidore Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire. He 

 divided the genus homo into four groups : 



1. The orthognathi, or men with a flat face and oval coun- 

 tenance. 



2. The eurygnathi, or men with a large face and projecting 

 cheek bones. 



* The analysis of the anatomical differences in the skeleton has been, per- 

 haps, best made by Berard, in France, and Lawrence in England; I may 

 refer for the details to these two authors. Berard, Cours de Physiologic, 1848, 

 vol. i ; Lawrence, Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, 9th edition, 1848. 



