PHILOLOGICAL VARIETIES. 77 



quote, as having been well studied, first, the Iranian race, by 

 all our moralists and philosophers ; secondly, the Semitic race, 

 by M. Renan ; and thirdly, the American race, by Humboldt 

 and Bonpland,* by d'0rbigny,t Morton, J and Coombe. 



II. The study of languages is connected, on the one hand, to 

 the physiology of the human race, but more immediately still to 

 the study of the varieties of the human mind, of which they 

 are in some measure the organ. They can by this means assist 

 also in classifying mankind into natural groups. But where 

 the study of languages affects more especially the anthropolo- 

 gist, || is when it touches on the origin of the varieties of lan- 

 guage, and of the primitive state (either intellectual or social) 

 of the speaking man : when it endeavours to fathom the past 

 each day farther back, each day nearer to the origin. Thus 

 bound together, the two sciences ought to have the same des- 

 tiny; philology has had its monogenists and its polygenists. 

 The first have been obliged to give way, overpowered by the 

 number and the superiority of their opponents. They are 

 done for ; and the field remains free to the latter, who affirm, 

 through their studies, the multiplied origin of human langua'ge, 

 leaving the consequences to be deduced, or deducing them 

 themselves. ^[ 



One sole declaration will suffice us, that of the history of 



* See Essai Politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne, Paris, 1811. 



f Voyage dans VAmerique Mtridionale. 



j Crania Americana, Introduction. 



Memoire on the preceding work. 



|| [Dr. Hunt, however, does not think that language is such an unfailing 

 test as our author appears to imagine. He considers that language must be 

 utterly discarded as the first principle of anthropological classification, and 

 gives a far higher value to religion and to art, considering language merely 

 as the third element. It is possible to change the language of a race ; but 

 apparently impossible to change either their religion or their innate ideas of 

 art. See Hunt on Anthropological Classification (Brit. Assoc., 1863), Anthrop. 

 Rev., vol. i, p. 383. " On ethnology, Professor Miiller says, ' The science of lan- 

 guage and the science of ethnology have both suffered most seriously from 

 being mixed up together. The classification of races and languages should 

 be quite independent of each other. Eaces may change their languages ; 

 and history supplies us with several instances where one race adopted the 

 language of another. Different languages, therefore, may be spoken by one 

 race, or the same language may be spoken by different races ; so that any 

 attempt at squaring the classification of races and tongues must necessarily 

 fail.' " (On the Science of Language, E. S. Charnock ; Anthrop. Rev., vol, i, 

 p. 200.) EDITOR.] 



^f See Chavee, Les Langues et les Races, 1862. 



