Scenery of Scotland. 297 







mode of formation of such slopes, the more gentle in- 

 clines being in the direction oi the dip, and the steep 

 scarp sloping at right angles to the average inclination 

 of the strata. (See fig. 55, p. 287). 



Let anyone who wishes to see this effect, walk to the 

 summit of the Ochil Hills, and there, from the edge of 

 the scarp, he will see in the main a gentle slope to the 

 south-east, while below, on the north-west, the delighted 

 eye ranges across the fertile plains and undulations of 

 the Teith, Strath Allan, and Strath Earn, while, far 

 beyond, this almost unrivalled view is bounded by the 

 lofty chain of the Grampian Mountains. Let the reader 

 also understand that the whole of the Lower Old Red 

 Sandstone as far as the Grampians was once buried deep 

 under this upper series, and he will then begin to realise 

 the prodigious amount of denudation that the region 

 has suffered before it assumed its present aspect. 



Above and merging into the Old Red Sandstone come 

 the Carboniferous rocks No. 3, fig. 55, lying in a wide 

 faulted and denuded synclinal curve, 1 but with many a 

 high boss of basalt standing out in bold relief in the 

 midst. Such are the Lomonds of Fife, Bunker Law, 

 and Bishop Hill, north of the Forth, while south of that, 

 estuary Arthur's Seat forms a well-known example, and 

 the pastoral tract of the Pentland Hills, formed of 

 Upper Old Red Sandstone, mingled with contem- 

 poraneous igneous rocks, stand in high relief above the 

 fertile plains of Midlothian and Dalkeith. 



I have already stated that the southern continuation 

 of the Upper Old Red and Carboniferous strata once 

 spread over the Lammermuir Hills in a kind of anti- 

 clinal curve, in the manner shown by the dotted lines 

 No. 3', on the diagram fig. 56. 



1 The diagram is, however, too small to show these breaks. 



