Crag. 357 



tinent, and over the land, mammalian races in late Mio- 

 cene times migrated into our region, their bones being 

 now found buried at the bases both of the Coralline 

 and Eed Crag, but chiefly in the latter. Probably they 

 lived here in the earliest Pliocene times, as the relics of 

 an older Miocene fauna, and got intermixed with 

 varieties and new species. These include Beaver, Deer, 

 Horse and Hipparion, Hyaena, and a Felis ; Bears, Pig, 

 Tapir, Ehinoceros, Mastodon, and perhaps a true 

 Elephant, 1 all belonging to genera with which we are 

 quite familiar in the present world, if we except the 

 Hipparion and Mastodon, and these have close relations, 

 the first with the horse and the second with the ele- 

 phant. 



The Crag formations of England in descending 

 order consist of three divisions, Norwich Crag, Ked 

 Crag, and Coralline Crag. The Ked and Coralline 

 Crags are rich in marine fossils, and the Norwich Crag 

 also contains a marine fauna, together with twenty-four 

 species of land and fresh-water shells. According to 

 Mr. Prestwich, the above-named formations contain 

 from 84 to 93 per cent, of living species. But though 

 very important in a stratigraphical point of view, when 

 viewed in connection with marine life, the Crag plays 

 a very unimportant part in the physical structure of 

 England, occurring as they do only in a few small shelly 

 patches of insignificant thickness in Norfolk and 



1 Castor veterior, Cervus dicranoceros, Equus plicidens (?), Felis 

 pardoides, Hipparion, Hysena antiqua, Mastodon arvernensis, Mas- 

 todon tapiroides (?), Elephas meridionalis (?) Ehinoceros Schleir- 

 macheri, Sus antiquus (?), Tapirus priscus, Ursus arvernensis, 

 Megaceros Hibernicus (?). See Prestwich, 'Journal Geol. Society,' 

 1871, vol. xxvii., p. 348. Mr. Prestwich considers this fauna as 

 probably of Pliocene age, that is to say, contemporaneous with the 

 deposition of the crag. 



