386 Glacial Epoch. 



direction, in fact, of the onward march of the vast glacier 

 that flowed from the Highland mountains down the 

 valley of the Forth, and overflowing the Lammermuir 

 Hills, spread across the border into England. The 

 stones in the Till are scratched, and consist of Carbon- 

 iferous Limestone (very angular at the base of the Till) 

 and of other materials derived from the northern hills. 

 Some of the boulders are from one to two yards in 

 diameter, and the beach-like sands and gravels that 

 overlie the Till are charged with large blocks of lime- 

 stone and porphyry at the base, and many broken sea- 

 shells. In places these sands are strangely contorted, 

 as if they had been disturbed and pushed on by moving 

 ice. The large blocks in them are of the Carboniferous 

 Limestone of the country, and the smaller ones consist 

 of what seems to be Silurian Lammermuir grit, granite, 

 probably from the same area, and felspathic and augitic 

 porphyries, &c. 



About ten miles further south, near Belford, the 

 glacial striations trend about 1 5 south of east, and still 

 point towards the upper part of the estuary of the Forth, 

 and much of the low ground round Belford and Lucker 

 is formed of those singular mounds, called Kames in 

 Scotland, and Eskirs in Ireland, beautiful examples of 

 which are known to many persons at Carstairs and 

 Carnwath in Lanarkshire, near Stranraer in Wigtonshire, 

 and in many other areas in Scotland. 1 So identical are 

 the phenomena, that in my note-book I find that I 

 compare the English examples with those of Carstairs 

 and Carnwath, and like the existing lakes and pools in 

 these, the Kames of Belford and Lucker in older times 



1 For details respecting Scottish Kames, see ' Great Ice Age,' 

 J. Geikie, chapter xix. 



