Scandinavian and Welsh Lakes. 445 



broadcast with lakes large and small, and a vast number 

 of the smaller ones are omitted partly for want of room, 

 and partly because even now they are unknown to topo- 

 graphers. The whole of that area has been completely' 

 covered by ice, as the researches of geologists show. 



Coming to this side of the Atlantic, and examining 

 the Scandinavian chain on the east, where the slopes 

 are less inclined than on the western flank, all round 

 the Gulf of Finland, and the Swedish coast of the 

 Baltic, the whole country is covered with lakes, many, 

 if not all, of which lie in true rock-basins, a fact which 

 I inferred in my memoir on lakes published in 1864, 

 and which has since been proved by Mr. Amund Helland, 

 of Christiania, in his late memoirs, a summary of which 

 is given in his paper ' On the Ice- Fjords of North 

 Greenland, and on the Formation of Fjords, Lakes, 

 and Cirques in Norway and Greenland.' 1 In Finland, 

 according to Professor Nordenskiold, the lakes lie 

 in a glaciated country, being chiefly dammed in by 

 heaps of detrital matter called Osar. 2 Go into North 

 Wales where glaciers were once in every valley ; there 

 we have the lakes of Llanberis, once one, and 107 feet 

 deep where deepest, of Cwellyn, Ogwen, Llyn-y-Ddinas, 

 Llyn Gwynant, Llyn-llydaw (180 feet), Glaslyn, (114 

 feet), and all the lakes and tarns near Capel Curig, 

 and in the upper Corries, each lying in a true rock- 



1 < Journal of the Geological Society,' 1877, vol. xxiii. p. 142. 



2 The Eskers of Ireland and the Kames of Scotland. These are 

 common in the valley of the Clyde, especially near Lanark and 

 Carstairs, where they form elongated irregular mounds of gravel 

 which sometimes merge into true glacial detritus. They enclose 

 lakes and peat-mosses, once lakes. They have been mapped and 

 described by Professor Geikie. They occur in the grounds of Castle 

 Kennedy near Stranraer, enclosing two beautiful lakes, and also 

 in Northumberland, Lancashire, and Yorkshire. 



