454 Lakes. 



it finds its way into geological manuals, and many 

 monographs, reports, and memoirs ; in some of which 

 it has been stated that it must in the long run be ac- 

 cepted as the origin of those rock-basins of the northern 

 hemisphere that are occupied by lakes. 1 



Finally, if I were to classify lakes directly and in- 

 directly produced by glacial action, it would be as 

 follows the first named being most and the last least 

 numerous: 1st. True ruck-basins scooped by glacier-ice 

 out of the solid rocks. 2nd. Lake hollows due to 

 irregular accumulation of moraine-matter on broad 

 flattish surfaces, among which in many districts may be 



1 See Professor Geikie, ' Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of 

 Scotland ; ' Sir William Logan, < Keport on the Geology of Canada,' 

 1863, where he states that the great North American lake-basins 

 ' are depressions, not of geological structure, but of denudation ; 

 and the grooves on the surfaces of the rocks which descend under 

 their waters appear to point to glacial action as one of the causes 

 which have produced these depressions.' Also Dr. Newberry, in the 

 American Annual of Scientific Discovery,' for 1863, and in other 

 publications. Following my view, he allows that glacier-ice ex- 

 cavated all the great lakes, from Ontario to Lake Superior, excepting 

 Lake Superior, an exception for which I see no necessity. See also 

 reports by Dr. Julius Haast on the Geology of New Zealand ; and 

 the writings of Dr. Hector and Captain Hutton on the same region ; 

 Professor Geikie, ' The Scenery of Scotland viewed in connection 

 with its Physical Geology,' 1867, and ' The Student's Manual of 

 Geology,' by the late Professor Jukes, third edition, edited by 

 Professor Geikie. Mr. Jukes strongly advocated this theory in 

 papers in the ' Header,' in a long controversy with the late Dr. 

 Falconer. See also 'The Great Ice Age,' by James Geikie, F.K.S., 

 both for lakes and fiords, and last, not least, the letter of Signer 

 Gastaldi in the ' Journal of the Geological Society ' to Sir Charles 

 Lyell, 1873, vol. xxix., in which he says, 'I have given you 

 summarily the reasons which have converted me to Mr. Ramsay's 

 theory.' I could quote other authors on the same side of the 

 question, and I am more than content with the rapid progress it 

 has made. Sir Charles Lyell gives a qualified assent in his 

 < Student's Elements of Geology,' 1871. 



