34 INTRODUCTION. 



not only by hearsay will, as a rule, hold a very different 

 opinion ; they will see that the animal is as the author of 

 " Passages from the Diary of a Travelling Naturalist " 

 (1855), so well says not only physically but also intellec- 

 tually and morally ' ; a man in fragments," and that all the 

 intellectual capacities of man, including the highest, are 

 foreshadowed in animals, and hide therein their earliest 

 beginnings. This important truth cannot be better expressed 

 than by F. M. Trogel in his admirable " Causeries sur la 

 psychologic des animaux" (Leipsic, 185G) in the following 

 fashion : " The more man observes himself, and the more he 

 studies with a critical eye the smallest details of the new 

 and ever noteworthy phenomena of animal life, the more 

 will he be penetrated by the great truth that animals, like 

 men, think, will and feel. If we pass from the study of 

 men to that of animals, we are astonished to rediscover in 

 animals all that which we had before discovered in the in- 

 nermost recesses of man's heart and mind. At each step taken 

 in this unwonted sphere we meet surprise after surprise. 

 Sense and stupidity, craft and simplicity, good and bad 

 taste, kind heartedness and malice, gentleness and harshness,, 

 impetuosity and indifference, prudence and thoughtlessness, 

 gravity and frivolity, courage and cowardice, modesty and 

 boasting, unconcern and anxiety, fidelity and faithlessness, 

 inclination and aversion, love and hate, candor and 

 knavery, pride and humility, gratitude and ingratitude, re- 

 finement and coarseness, trust and mistrust, reason and folly, 

 compassion and severity, prodigality and avarice, temperance 

 and gluttony, hope and despair, wilfulness and pliability > 

 obedience and rebellion, grief and joy, anger and patience, 

 sloth and industry in short, the dispositions, the feelings, 

 the good and bad qualities of men, rise one after another 

 out of the great ocean of animal life ; there is revealed to 

 the astonished observer the perfect image of our whole 

 social, industrial, artistic, scientific, and political life." 



That there is no exaggeration in these last words, and 

 that just those things which we regard as peculiarly human 

 the formation of a state and a society in its smallest details, 

 the art of building, husbandry, war, slavery, language, etc. 

 are represented to an almost incredible extent in the animal 

 world, is nowhere seen more plainly than in those minute 

 and little observed animals, which without noticing we 



