XX11 CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



in newer Pliocene breccias Fossil bones of Marsupial animals in Australian 

 caves Formation of osseous breccias in the Morea Newer Pliocene allu- 

 viums Difference between alluviums and regular subaqueous strata The 

 former of various ages Marine alluvium Grooved surface of rocks Erratic 

 blocks of the Alps Theory of, deluges caused by paroxysmal elevations 

 untenable How ice may have contributed to transport large blocks from the 

 Alps European alluviums chiefly tertiary Newer Pliocene in Sicily Loss 

 of the Valley of the Rhine Its origin Contains recent shells . 1 37 



CHAPTER XII. 



Geological monuments of the older Pliocene period Subapennine forma- 

 tions Opinions of Brocchi Different groups termed by him Subapennine 

 are not all of the same age Mineral composition of the Subapennine forma- 

 tions Marls Yellow sand and gravel Subapennine beds how formed 

 Illustration derived from the Upper Val d'Arno Organic remains of Sub- 

 apennine hills Older Pliocene strata at the base of the Maritime Alps 

 Genoa Savona Albenga Nice Conglomerate of Valley of Magnan Its 

 origin Tertiary strata at the eastern extremity of the Pyrenees . 155 



CHAPTER XIII. 



Crag of Norfolk and Suffolk Shown by its fossil contents to belong to the 

 older Pliocene period Heterogeneous in its composition Superincumbent 

 lacustrine deposits Relative position of the crag Forms of stratification 

 Strata composed of groups of oblique layers Cause of this arrangement 

 Dislocations in the crag produced by subterranean movements Protruded 

 masses of chalk Passage of marine crag into alluvium Recent shells in a 

 deposit at Sheppey, Ramsgate, and Brighton 171 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Volcanic rocks of the older Pliocene period Italy Volcanic region of Olot 

 in Catalonia Its extent and geological structure Map Number of cones 

 Scoriae Lava currents Ravines in the latter cut by water Ancient allu- 

 vium underlying lava Jets of air called ' Bufadors ' Age of the Catalonian 

 volcanos uncertain Earthquake which destroyed Olot in 1421 Sardinian 

 volcanos District of the Eifel and Lower Rhine Map Geological structure 

 of the country Peculiar characteristics of the Eifel volcanos Lake craters 

 Trass Crater of the Roderberg Age of the Eifel volcanic rocks uncer- 

 tain Brown coal formation . . , . * 183 



CHAPTER XV. 



Miocene period Marine formations Faluns of Tuuraine Comparison of 

 the Faluns of t'ie Loire and the English Crag Basin of the Gironde and 



