18 INTRODUCTION. 



the head has somewhal of a pyramidal form. The stature is infe- 

 rior to the < Caucasian. 



In intellectual and moral characters it is certainly inferior to tlio 

 white race. The Chinese and Japanese have made considerable 

 advancement in the arts of civilization, and their institution* date 

 back to a remote period ; but the very fact of their having remained 

 stationary for so many centuries proves an inferior capacity for 

 improvement. 



3. The Ethiopian race includes the inhabitants of Africa, (exclu- 

 sive of the northern parts,) and the imported specimens and their 

 descendants in America and elsewhere. The color of the akin 

 varies from tawny to jet-black. The iris is black ; the hair black, 

 crispy, generally called " icool/i/," though having none of the char- 

 acters of wool. The eyes are prominent, and the orhits large ; the 

 nose thick, flat, and confounded with the prominent cheeks; the lips 

 very thick and everted ; the jaws projecting, the chin receding ; the 

 whole face very much developed, and the skull thick and heavy. 



The front of the head regarded from above the face, as well as 

 the forehead, is compressed laterally, so that the long diameter of 

 the head exceeds that of the other varieties. The low retreating 

 forehead allows all the upper part of the face to be seen; the prom- 

 inence of the upper jaw diminishes the facial angle to 70°, and even 

 65°. The cavity of the cranium is diminished, while the face is 

 increased ; the zygomatic arches are very wide, giving a large space 

 for the elevating muscles of the lower jaw ; the opening of the nose 

 is large and transverse ; the foramen for the passage of the spinal 

 marrow, and the articulation of the head with the neck, are relatively 

 posterior to their position in the white races, from the prolongation 

 of the jaws forward. 



A slight comparison of the Negro with the Caucasian skull suf- 

 fices to show that the intellectual portion in the former is diminished, 

 while the animal portion is increased. The low forehead and the 

 muzzle-like elongation of the jaws give an animal aspect to the 

 head, which cannot fail to strike an unprejudiced observer ; this is 

 increased by the large and powerful lower jaw, the ample provision for 

 muscular insertions, and by the greater size of the cavities destined 

 for the reception of the organs of smell and sight. 



Lawrence alludes to the opinion, even then prevalent, that the 

 Ethiopian resembles the monkey tribe more nearly than do the pre- 

 ceding varieties. The size and direction of the face, the promi- 

 nence of the jaws, the flatness of the nose, the greater length of the 

 forearm compared with the arm, the narrow and tapering fingers, 

 render the comparison obvious. But even supposing that this race 



