78 IMTEODUCTIOK. 



lhatBUch diversities have arisen in man $ina I 

 tute ;i deviation from his original c\ 



Taking l>r. Morton's definition of a primordial or 



farm," which implies a uniformity of anatomical and ph 

 organization from the I" ginning, let i fanj 



can be made out in man, on n other ai 



Owen (Van A.mringe, p, 263) gives twenty-three diffei 

 tween the orang-outang and the chimpanzee, which were long 

 regarded as one species ; only four of these are instance 

 distinci structure, viz., an additional pairofril 

 a double series of bones in the sternum, the non-division of the 

 pisiform bone of the wrist, and having two phalanges in the 

 toe, wnli a nail. The other differences relate to shape, length and 

 tence of parts; but, as function follows organization, and all 

 the habits and instincts of the animal depend upon it, these diffi i 

 were considered of specific vaJ 



Van Amringe (|>. 868) gives the follow 

 which the Negro differs from the Caucasian: 1. The cranium is 

 compressed laterally, elongated towards the front, retreating from 

 the superciliary ridges, and smaller in pn 



The frontal and parietal bones are le <ious. 



3. The temporal ridge mount* . nearly t<> the top of the 



head. (To be added the peculiarity mentioned by Prich- 



ard in the Ajshantee skull, that the sphenoid bone does not 

 the parietal bone.) 4. The temporal fossa and zygoma are larger, 

 stronger, and more capacious. 5. The cheek-bon I more, 



and are stronger, broader and thicker. .">. Tl bits arc 1 



especially the external aperture. 7. The 055a nasi are flatter and 

 shorter, and run together above into an acute angle. 8. The 

 of the ethmoid bone are more complicated, and the cribriform lamella 

 more extensive. 9. The jaws are larger and stronger, the alveolar 

 incisive portion projecting. 10. The chin is receding and rudimen- 

 tary. 11. The foramen magnum and occipital condyles are in a 

 more backward position. 12. The skull is heavier, and denser, and 

 harder, particularly the sides. 13. The fore-arm is proportionally 

 longer. 11. The hand and fingers arc proportionally narrower and 

 longer; (according to Agassiz, the fingers are more webbed.) 15. 

 Sesamoid bones are general ; rare in the Caucasian. 16. The pelvis 

 is longer and narrower. 17. The femur, tibia, and fibula, are more 



* Variety implies want of permanence, and a tendency to return, sooner 

 or later, to the original type ; and we know of no animals, permanently 

 uistinct from others, which can be undoubtedly traced to the same 

 original source. 



