THE HUMAN SPECIES. 289 



foreign wars, is ever ready to break out in sanguinary rebellion, 

 not a little fostered by the jealous timidity of the ruling 

 powers. 



On the south of the Chinese empire, vast woody mountain 

 ranges and abundant rivers constitute wildernesses of vegeta- 

 tion, thinly inhabited by nations forming several kingdoms, 

 with an interior but little known. The Mongolic stock is most 

 numerous on the north-east, the Caucasian type on the west, 

 and in the interior and the Malay peninsula the Papua popula- 

 tion still lingers. Power is in the hands of the first; the 

 denomination of geographical localities the patrimony of the 

 second; and the third has undoubtedly intermixed and adulter- 

 ated the blood of both. 



By these facts we detect the successive occupiers; — the 

 Hindoo' races invading the aborigines long before they were in 

 . turn made subjects of the beardless conquerors. This process, 

 we have already shown, has extended onwards through the 

 Australian and Polynesian islands, with an additional element 

 of an Arabian, and, later still, of an European amalgamation. 



On the north of China, whence the civilized and sedentary 

 southern people have originally emanated, we find the nomad 

 nations still tending their herds ; consequently, these are the 

 real typical Hyperboreans, and, accordingly, they possess the 

 distinctive characters belonging to their origin, in the maxi- 

 mum of development; — the Manchures, or Tungusian stem, 

 Mongols, Bashkirs, Kalmucks, Kirguise, Nogai, Usbeks ; Tur- 

 comans being more mixed; and all, in general, misnamed 

 Tahtars, for that term designates, originally, a mere tribe of 

 vanquished inhabitants, who were made tributaries by the 

 earlier Mongolian invaders, on the south of Lake Baikal; and 

 in process of time it was extended to other nations of depend- 

 ent states further to the west. The Mongols and Manchures, 

 in graduated proportions, are, at present, the stall-fed masters 

 of China, and nearly form the whole real military force of the 

 empire, consisting entirely of cavalry, probably less than 

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