CONTENTS. 



people ; Obstruction to civilization among Fuegians, Australians, 

 etc.; Among the Berbers, Guanches, Abyssinians, Egyptians; 

 Race ascendancy ; Retrospect ; Theories of KLemm, Wuttke, Eic- 

 thal, and Nott and Gliddon " On Psychical Distinction" . . 284 



SECTION III. 



ON THE VARIOUS DEGREES OP CIVILIZATION,* AND THE CHIEF 

 CONDITIONS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT. 



Further arguments necessary to maintain the theory of the specific 

 unity of mankind ; Influence of surrounding nature on develop- 

 ment of man ; Effects of climate ; Reluctance to labour in hot 

 climates ; not confined to natives ; Physical precocity ; Abundance 

 of natural food in torrid zone : its paucity in the frigid ; Effects 

 thereof in the development of man's civilization ; The tempe- 

 rate zones ; Temporary energy exhibited in the tropics ; Endurance 

 of Negro ; Mental characteristics of tropical peoples ; Americans 

 of the States ; Obstructions to progress ; Hunting life ; Character- 

 istics of the hunter ; The fisher ; Agricultural life ; Reasons for the 

 stationary position of the Negro ; Nomadic life ; Pastoral life in 

 North and South America ; Cattle breeding in America, in Africa ; 

 Influence of climate on the temperament ; Influence of geographi- 

 cal conditions ; Coast line, tidal rivers, mountains, etc. ; Negroes 

 of the interior and of thd coast ; Advantages of a long coast line 

 in the progress of civilization ; the Polynesians ; Migrations, and 

 their effects on progress; Great importance of migrations in 

 creating competition ; Effects of intermixture ; War, and its civil- 

 izing power ; Intermixture ; Density of population : its influence 

 on progress of civilization ; Agassiz ; Morton on the mission of the 

 " higher" races ; their doctrines opposed ; Humboldt on the unity 

 of man kind; The theological view of the origin of civilization ; Im- 

 pediments to the progress of a nation ; Effects of agricultural pur- 

 suits; their influence on the national character; Political conditions; 

 Law and government : Barthez and Passy thereon ; Acquisition of 

 private property, and its retention among primitive peoples ; Ad- 

 vantages of a despotism ; Brooke on Chinese and Malay peoples ; 

 Necessity of despotism to the progress of primitive peoples ; Ab- 

 sence of free governments in tropical climates ; Unequal distribu- 

 tion of property : its importance to progress ; Comparison of the 

 various classes of society ; Greater psychical differences among the 

 cultivated; their importance to progress; Highly-gifted indivi- 

 duals ; Genius existing in every race ; Productive countries, and 

 the stimulus they give to civilization ; Importance of trade ; Value 

 of international commerce ; injurious to the savage people ; Excep- 

 tions quoted ; Creation of new wants ; Barter ; Religion condi- 

 tions of its advantage or disadvantage ; The origin, development, 



