SECT. I.] CLIMATE. 47 



These cases can, however, hardly be considered as pecu- 

 liarities of race; for the European in Java, as well as in the 

 West Indies and Africa, soon loses his red cheeks, and experi- 

 ences other changes if he remains for a long time exposed to a 

 tropical climate. Whoever lives for a long time in Guinea, 

 and is much exposed to the sun, becomes almost copper- 

 coloured. 1 Raffenel 2 goes so far as to assert that people of 

 the Caucasian race who are for a considerable time exposed to 

 a tropical sun gradually assume the colour of the Negro, there 

 being well-authenticated instances of pure Arabs who had 

 become under such circumstances blacker than those accounted 

 very dark among Negroes. And if, as we are informed, the 

 Portuguese colonists of Cachaux, in West Africa, have become 

 black mulattoes, 3 and those of Cape Verd, the coast of Guinea, 

 in Quilimane, 4 in Batavia, Ternate, Bombay, 5 in Larentuka 

 (Mores), and in Dilli (Timor), 6 have after a series of gener- 

 ations become black or nearly so, it cannot altogether be 

 ascribed to intermixture with the natives. Even Pruner, 7 who 

 is not partial to the doctrine of the great influence of climate 

 on the organization of man, and who considers the structure of 

 the skeleton in the various races as unchangeable, states from 

 his own observation, that the European acclimated in Egypt, 

 acquires after some time a tawny skin, and in Abyssinia a 

 bronzed skin, he becomes pallid on the coast of Arabia, cachectic 

 white in Syria, clear brown in the deserts of Arabia, and ruddy 

 in the Syrian mountains; whilst the hair does not merely 

 become darker, but acquires a softer texture, with a tendency 

 to curl. Aii interesting gradation of all shades down to the 

 negro-black is exhibited by the Jews. West of Tomsk, in the 

 Barabinsky Steppes, they have a clear skin and light hair, 8 

 which is uncommon in England and Germany. In Spain, 

 Portugal, Syria, the East Indies, and Congo, they exhibit 



i Monrad, " Gemalde der K. v. Guinea," p. 371, 1824. 

 " Nouveau Voy.," i, p. 272, 1856. 



3 Durand, " Voy. en Senegal," an. x, i, p. 169. 



4 Owen, " Narr. of voy. to explore the shores of Africa," i, p. 290, 1833. 

 6 Forrest, " Voy. to New Guinea," p. 36, 1779. 



6 Olivier, " Land und Seereisen in Mederl. Ind.," ii, p. 266, 1829. 



7 " Die Krankheiten des Orients," p. 83, 1847. 



a Simpson, " Narr. of a Journey Bound the World," ii, p. 410, 1847. 



