SECT. I.] MENTAL CULTURE. 69 



is difficult to distinguish in America males from females by 

 the features of the face. Pickering 1 asserts this of the Mon- 

 golian race in general. This applies also to many Negro 

 tribes. Huschke 2 observes, that the differences in the capacity 

 of the cranium between the sexes is least in the Negro, and 

 increases gradually up to the European. De Hell 3 found a 

 great resemblance in the individuals of the Mongolian tribes 

 on the Caspian Sea. D'Orbigny, as Humboldt did before him, 4 

 says the same of the aboriginal South Americans ; thus per- 

 manence of type is, according to them, partly owing to the 

 non-intermixture of the various tribes. It cannot be doubted 

 that this great physical resemblance chiefly arises from deficient 

 expression of psychical individuality, owing to the low state 

 of mental culture. Among barbarous nations, says Humboldt, 5 

 we find rather a tribal than an individual physiognomy. Though 

 these phenomena may perhaps not exactly be considered as a 

 brute resemblance, still it has been remarked that even among 

 pur domestic animals there is a greater difference in external 

 expression than among the same animals in a savage state* 

 This difference may be the consequence of psychical develop- 

 ment acquired in their relation and dependence on man. 

 Koler, it is true, 6 ascribes to individuals of a Negro tribe the 

 same diversity of features as among Europeans ; but this 

 is, excepting in mixed nations, incorrect, as there is no doubt 

 that a uniformity of mental qualities exists among the same 

 tribe. The slave dealer in Upper Egypt (Schendy) merely 

 inquires after the native place of the slave, and not after his 

 character, because long experience has shown him the im- 

 portance of descent to be greater than that of individual 

 character ; thus, the Nubas and Gallas are considered as very 

 faithful, those of Northern Abyssinia as treacherous and 

 malicious, those of Fertit as savage and revengeful. 7 Though 



" Races of man," p. 15, 1849. 



Sehadel, Him u. Seele, p. 48. 



" Trav. in the steppes of the Caspian." 



" E. in die aequinoctialg.," ed. Hauff., ii, p. 15. 



" Neuspanien," i, p. 116. 



" Notizen iiber Bonny," p. 91, 1848. 



Katte, "E. in Abyssen./' p. 131, 1838; Burckhardt, pp. 423/447. 



