SECT. I.] MENTAL CULTURE. 71 



the white, they have become more intelligent than they were, 

 and will soon become still more so," said a Negro of Jamaica 

 to Lewis. 1 The same difference between the free and the 

 slaves among the Guaranis in Paraguay, Corrientes, and Boli- 

 via, has been observed by D'Orbigny and Broc. 



It is asserted that whenever in the West Indies a Negro is 

 found occupying a superior position, he generally presents 

 some Caucasian features, such as a longer or more hooked 

 , resembling the Jewish physiognomy. 2 In whatever way 

 thesi- cases may be explained, they, at least, show that the 

 bodily formation of the Negro has not that absolute per- 

 manence which some would ascribe to it ; and though one might 

 be inclined to confine their change of type within narrower 

 limits than higher races, those who, like Nott, deny any change 

 of the Negro in Am erica, are evidently in the wrong. 



Concerning mental qualifications we possess some sufficient 

 and confirmed data. Stevenson 3 observed several times that 

 the Negroes born in Peru possessed better mental capacity than 

 those newly imported from Africa. He says nothing of physical 

 differences, excepting that the Creole-Negroes are stronger 

 and more athletic. According to Tschudi, 4 the newly imported 

 Negroes are less lively than the Creole-Negroes, but patient 

 and more faithful than the former. The greater capacities of 

 the Creole-Negroes have been confirmed by the documents 

 which the Commission of the French Chamber of Deputies re- 

 ceived from the colonies in 1839. De Lisboa 5 agrees in this 

 view, adding the observation, that these higher capacities 

 must not be considered as a consequence of education, in 

 which the Creoles are entirely deficient ; hence the low state of 

 mental capacity in Africa must be the result of social condition. 

 Froberville also, 6 who considers the physical and moral sensi- 

 bility of the Negro as considerably more obtuse than that of 

 the white, speaks of the striking intellectual difference between 

 the African parents and their children born in the colonies. 



1 " Journal of a resid. among the negroes of the West Indies," p. 84, 1845. 



2 Day, " Five years residence in the West Indies," i, p. 141, 1852. 

 8 Loc. cit., pp. 179, 198. 



4 Loc. cit., i, p. 154. 



" " Bullet, de la soc. Ethnol." p. 54, Janv. 1847. 



" Bullet, de la soc. Geogr.," ii, p. 326, 1847. 



