SECT. II.] ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES. 91 



organization. We shall therefore examine the characteristics 

 of the ape. In doing so we shall not enter into any minute 

 details, but simply point out the main differences, which are as 

 follows. The brain of the ape 1 is considerably smaller in 

 volume and inferior in development to that of man. The face 

 is distinguished by a flattened nose and a projecting lower jaw, 

 small chin, the lips deficient in fulness, facial angle small 

 (30-33 in adults). The external ear is, compared with the 

 human ear, of a very rude form, and without a lobule. The 

 teeth are unequal and distant from each other. The size of 

 the canine teeth is considerable compared with the rest, and 

 the first premolar is of a conical form and larger than the 

 second premolar tooth. The ape has an inter-maxillary bone, 

 which is however absent in some species, and the occipital 

 foramen is situated considerably backwards. The pelvis is of 

 small extent and narrower laterally than it is in its antero- 

 posterior diameter, contrary to its shape in man. The vertebral 

 column has a single curve, which is concave towards the abdo- 

 men. The upper extremities and the hands are longer than in 

 man ; the foot is in fact a large curved hand, the ape having 

 four opposable thumbs, those of the forehands being small, and 

 only capable of motion together with the other fingers. The 

 thighs are also curved ; the heelbone directed upward, so that the 

 ape approaching nearest to man cannot without difficulty walk 

 upon the sole, but does so upon the edges. These circumstances, 

 and the position of the occipital foramen, render the ape fit to 

 climb, whilst the anatomical structure of man proves him to be 

 intended to walk upright. The hair, the length of the body, the 

 limitation as to climate and food, and the duration of life, 

 are also important distinctions between the ape and man. 

 The slow growth, the protracted childhood, and late appearance 

 of puberty, the deficiency in instinct, menstruation, special 

 diseases, the power of language, of laughing and crying, are 

 other physiological marks which distinguish man from the ape. 

 The chimpanzee and the recently-discovered tschego 2 on the 

 Gaboon river, belonging to the genus Troglodytes, approach 



1 " On the differences between man and the ape in osteological respects." 

 See Owen in " Transact, of the Zool. Soc.," i, 343. 



2 Prof. Waitz here alludes to the Troglodytes tschego of Duvernoy (" Ar- 

 chives du Museum," vol. viii, 4to, Paris). ED. 



