94 PHYSICAL INVESTIGATION. [PART I. 



and Morton, in Cran. Amer., have maintained) less than that of 

 all other races. 1 The coronal region is arched in the Negro, but 

 the forehead is often less developed than in the European 

 woman (Huschke) . The Negro brain thus possesses the type of 

 the female and the child's brain, and approaches that of the 

 superior apes. This does not agree with what Sommering 

 states, viz. that the transition from the occiput to the back is 

 flatter in the Negro than in the European, nor with Burmeister, 

 that the Negro possesses a shorter and less projecting occiput. 

 The latter has endeavoured to explain from this circumstance 

 the backward position of the occipital foramen, which is denied 

 by Prichard, and declared by Latham as not constant, whilst 

 Hollard admits a slight difference in this respect, and so does 

 Arnoux, 2 observing, however, that the particular form of the 

 Negro required such, but does not in any degree prevent the 

 erect posture of the head. 



The superficies of the face, which is usually described as 

 small, is nevertheless, in proportion to the surface of the 

 cranium, larger than in the European (Sommering, Lawrence). 

 Whilst in the European the forehead, the nasal region, and 

 mouth and chin, form equal sections of the face, there is in the 

 Negro a considerable increase in the lower part (Burmeister) . 

 The facial angle is little above seventy degrees, and the pro- 

 jecting jaw gives to the face a snout-like appearance. The 

 small laterally-compressed skull gives ample space to the tem- 

 poral muscles, from the great development of which in length 

 and breadth the lateral compression of the skull has been 

 explained. The forehead is small and globular, its surface 

 uneven and knotty (Blumenbach) . The eyes, the sockets of 

 which, according to Prichard, are not larger than in the Eu- 

 ropean, but described as larger by Sommering, are narrow, 

 black, and protuberant, mostly with a yellow conjunctiva 

 (Pruner), frequently exhibiting blood-vessels. 3 The cheek- 



1 See Tiedemann, W. Hamilton, Parchappe, " Rech. sur 1'encephale," and 

 Huschke, Schadel, Him, und Seele, 1854 ; the latter of whom gives 37'57 ounces 

 of brain in 54 cases ; for the Malay, only 36'41 in 98 cases. 



2 "Bullet. Soc. Ethnol.," 1847. 



3 Clapperton " Tageb. der zweiten R. ins innere v. Afr.," p. 184, 1830. 



