SECT. II.] PERUVIANS. EGYPTIANS. 107 



a double membrane, as above described, is sometimes seen ; 

 two cases of this kind are reported in Meyer. 1 



As one of the most important deviations from the normal 

 form may be mentioned the os incce on the occiput of the old 

 Peruvians, discovered by Tschudi, which, in form of a rectan- 

 gular triangle, occurs in ruminants and carnivora. 2 It appears 

 however not to be a fixed peculiarity of race. 3 Zeune 4 saw such 

 a bone in the skull of an adult Kalmuck woman and on that of 

 a Java woman. Hence it appears only to be an individual 

 abnormal formation. Before the times of the Incas there existed, 

 according to Morton, 5 in Peru, a half civilized people with long 

 and narrow skulls, with a low receding forehead and a facial 

 angle of sixty-seven degrees, and a capacity of only seventy- 

 five cubic inches. Though the American race is, independent 

 of artificial pressure, distinguished by a low forehead, 6 still the 

 above description of the form of the skull, if it were natural, as 

 Morton originally considered, would be a most remarkable 

 abnormity ; but Morton himself has given up that notion. 7 



It is further noteworthy that in the old Egyptian monuments, 

 as Winckelmann has pointed out, the ear is situated rather 

 higher up than usual. Dureau de la Malle thought recently 

 that he could detect the same peculiarity in several mummies 

 and in some Jews. 8 Czermak 9 found nothing of the kind in 

 the mummies examined by him. Morton's investigations 10 led 

 also only to a negative result. He considers the difference as 

 unimportant, and that the cartilage merely may have been 

 larger and reached higher up. Nott and Gliddon consider it 

 as founded on error. Though this deviation is as yet unde- 

 cided, that, observed by Blumenbach, that the incisors of the 

 mummies resembled in shape the molar teeth, is not considered 



1 "R. in Siid-Afr.," pp. 116, 164, 1843. 



2 Miiller's Archiv., p. 107, 1844. 



8 Blake on " Peruvian skulls," Ethno. Trans., 1862. ED. 

 4 " Ueber Schadelbildung," p. 15, 1846. 

 s " Cran. Am.," 102. 



6 Humboldt, " Neusspanien," i, p. 154, 1809. 



7 " On the Ethnography and Archaeology of the Am. Aborig." p. 18, 1846 ; 

 and Schoolcraft, " Hist, of the Ind. tribes," ii, p. 325. 



8 " Revue Encyclopedique" and Lit. Gazette, June 23, 1832. 



9 " Sitzungsbericht d. Wiener Akad.," ix, p. 427, 1852. 



10 "Cran. .Egypt.," p. 26. 



