222 PHYSICAL INVESTIGATION. [PART I. 



cannot be refuted until it is definitely stated which tribes 

 constitute these different species. The American school, fol- 

 lowing Morton, which assumes that men have been created in 

 masses of peoples, entertains this opinion, and would rather 

 not admit any influence of external conditions upon the phy- 

 sical peculiarities of mankind ; there are, it asserts, no races, 

 but only an indefinitely large number of species of man. 

 Vogt, who has propagated this doctrine in Germany, is even 

 of opinion that individual nations are not to be considered of 

 mixed origin, because the known mongrel types of the Mulat- 

 toes, Mestizoes, etc., are not exactly found in them, and that 

 consequently, hundreds of originally different stocks must be 

 assumed; all which only acquires its validity by the erroneous 

 supposition, that types are perfectly unalterable by external 

 influences. Let us, therefore, subject that assertion of an 

 absolute immutability of race-types to a closer investigation. 



The chief, if not the only, proofs are derived from the old 

 Egyptian monuments and the Jews. Blumenbach 1 recognized 

 upon the first, three different human types : that of the Negro ; 

 a second, which he calls the Indian type ; and a third, which is 

 said to be produced by the influence of the Egyptian climate, 

 a relaxed flabby form, short chin and prominent eyes. At a 

 later period, Morton 2 distinguished Pelasgic, Semitic, and Negro 

 skulls among those of the old Egyptians. B. Taylor 3 still 

 more decidedly points out upon the old Egyptian monuments, 

 the distinguishable forms of Negroes, Persians and Jews. 

 Others, especially Mariotte, believe they can recognize in pic- 

 tures, above 5,000 years old, the type of the Fellahs of the 

 present day. 4 



Nott and Grliddon 5 have in this manner endeavoured to 

 prove the immutability of some chief types and consequently the 

 permanency of all : they assert that, as far as history reaches, 



1 " De gen. hum. var. nat.," p. 188. 



2 " Crania ^Egyptiaca." 



3 " Eeise nach central Afrika," pp. 97, 447, 1853. 



4 The various results of the anthropological relations of ancient Egypt 

 have been collated by Courtet de Lisle in " Nouv. ann. des voy.," ii, p. 299, 

 1847. 



5 " Types of mankind," 1854. 



