224 PHYSICAL INVESTIGATION. [PART I. 



in every region of the world been preserved with unexampled 

 tenacity, that their whole domestic economy and degree of 

 civilization have remained everywhere the same, that they have 

 in every region lived in a state of oppression which forced them 

 to a closer connexion between themselves, and to preserve their 

 peculiarities. Wherever they existed, be it in Europe among 

 Christians, or in Africa among the Moors, their fate was the 

 same; they lived as an excluded caste, whose only resource was 

 to obtain wealth in order to secure a certain degree of power and 

 position. No wonder if their cranial type as well as their cha- 

 racter remained on the whole unchanged. The uniformity of 

 their skulls is, however, not yet exactly ascertained. Sandifort 1 

 gives the following proportions of length, height, and breadth 

 of two Jewish crania = 190 : 226 : 148 and = 190 : 190 : 130, 

 indicating considerable variations in that people which is ge- 

 nerally quoted as an instance of constancy and uniformity of 

 the cranial development. 



There is no want of instances which plainly show that the 

 sphere of variation in individual peoples or races ; when closely 

 examined, is as great as that of the whole human race ; and 

 these proofs have been chiefly furnished by those whose studies 

 have been directed to the cranial structure of various races. 

 M. I. Weber 2 has distinguished four principal types of crania, 

 with which the shape of the pelvis corresponds. The oval skull 

 of the European, the round one of the American, the cuneiform 

 of the Negro, the square-shaped of the Mongol. Among the 

 examples for the second form, he gives that of an European, a 

 Jew, and a Kalmuck ; among the third form, an European and 

 a Bugis ; the last form he found also in Europeans and Kaffirs. 

 There occur, therefore, in every race, cranial shapes foreign to 

 it, and consequently there are no perfectly fixed marks of race. 

 This also applies to the shape of the pelvis. Even all the Kal- 

 muck skulls which Weber examined did not possess the square 

 Mongol, but rather a globular form. Blumenbach 3 also men- 



1 " Tabulse craniorum." 



2 " Die Lehre von den Ur-und Racenformen der Schiidel und Becken des 

 Menschen," 1830. 



3 " Decas craniorum," iii, p. 6. 



