234 PHYSICAL INVESTIGATION. [PART I. 



If the Malay and American be added to the three chief forms 

 adopted by Cuvier, we can scarcely avoid adding the Austra- 

 lians, Austral Negroes (Negrillos), the Papuas, and the Hot- 

 tentots. Nor will this be sufficient. All the intermediate 

 tribes between the Negro and the white, namely, the Kaffirs, 

 Nubians, Gallas, Abyssinians, and Berbers, have an equal claim 

 to consideration. This applies also to the Battas, the cranial 

 form of whom is intermediate between that of Europeans and 

 Malays. 1 With the Mongolian type there is further associated 

 the so-called Hyperborean type, though the assumption of a 

 separate polar race presents many difficulties, as already shown 

 by Yater, 2 and indicates a considerable deviation. But least 

 of all can the aboriginal Americans be comprehended in 

 the division ; for, whatever Morton and his school may assert 

 as to the similarity of the cranial type in all the varieties of 

 South and North America, it is shown by their own researches 

 that differences of shape are as considerable there as in those 

 parts in which they are considered as fundamentally different. 

 Some are long-headed, some short-headed, 3 others, again, are 

 round-headed ; the present Peruvians have small square skulls, 

 with a compressed occiput. 4 Tschudi 5 has pointed out three 

 essentially distinct cranial forms of the original inhabitants of 

 Peru. It could be easily shown, that, having proceeded thus 

 far in the division of mankind, there can be no halting place ; 

 but we must go further, and adopt an unlimited number 

 of types. It would be necessary to assume fixed differences 

 between nations to whom, on historical and linguistic grounds, 

 we cannot ascribe a separate descent. We thus become con- 

 vinced, that, from a mere anatomical point of view, nothing 

 certain can be inferred as to the consanguinity of races ; and 

 that it is therefore, in every respect, advisable to adopt the 

 above three chief types, which, moreover, as we have already 

 shown in their intermixture with others, exhibit the greatest 

 persistence. 



1 " Junghuhn d. Battalander," ii, p. 6. 



2 Mithridates, iii, p. 317. 



3 Retzius, Miiller's " Arckiv," p. 503, 1855. 



4 Morton, " Cran. Am./' pp. 65, 115. 



5 Miiller's " Archiv," p. 98, 1844. 



