SECT. V.] SHAPE OF SKULL. 235 



To Retzius belongs the chief merit of having laid the foun- 

 dation of an ethnographic craniology. Proceeding from the 

 principle, that the psychical individuality of a people is ex- 

 pressed by the development of the brain as indicated by the 

 skull, he distinguishes first dolichocephalic and brachycephalic 

 crania, the former shape depending on a considerable develop- 

 ment of the posterior lobes of the brain, and the latter on their 

 comparative shortness, which causes them in some instances to 

 be more developed in breadth. The functions of the posterior 

 lobes are considered by Ketzius as very important. To this 

 general division Retzius adds a secondary classification, accord- 

 ing to the form of the face, as follows : 



1. Gentes dolichocephalse orthognathae, 



2. Gentes brachycephalae orthognathae, 



3. Gentes dolichocephalae prognathae, 



4. Gentes brachycephalae prognathae. 



The two first are only found in Europe. In Asia all the four 

 shapes are met with in almost equal proportions. The third 

 and the fourth are the predominating types in the South Sea. 

 In Africa the third type predominates, though the first form 

 also occurs in that part, as well as the second type in the South 

 Sea. In America the third and fourth forms alternate, in- 

 cluding, to a less extent, the second type, so that the 

 greatest variety and intermingling of types is to be found. 



From the details given by Retzius, 1 it clearly results that no 

 consanguinity can be established between the peoples exhibit- 

 ing the same cranial types. Thus in Europe there belong to 

 the brachycephalce orthognathce the Turks, Lapps, Slaves, 

 Basques ; in Asia the Samoiedes, Burates, Affghans, Persians. 

 To the brachycephalce prognathce in the East Indies and the 

 South Sea belong the Tahitians, Malays, Papuas ; to the doli- 

 chocephalce prognatlwe in Africa, Negroes, Hottentots, and 

 Kopts, etc. 



Zeune 2 distinguishes three extreme cranial types : high skulls 



1 Mailer's " Archiv," p. 271, 1848. 



2 " Ueber Schadelbildung," 1846. 



