SECT. V.] SHAPE OP SKULL. 237 



surements to consanguinity of tribe, is shown by Hueck, 1 who 

 found the measurement of Esthon skulls mostly agreeing with 

 that of two Tartar skulls, although they are generally different 

 in form. Zeune observes, that, according to Ketzius, the Scan- 

 dinavians have long-heads, the Slaves short-heads; yet he found 

 the skull of a Swede to be shorter than those of two Kussian 

 female skulls. The Avar skull found near Grafenegg in Aus- 

 tria has, by Tschudi, 2 been considered as of Peruvian origin, on 

 account of its similarity to those of the Huancas; whilst Meyer 3 

 asserts, that the skulls of the latter are perfectly identical with 

 the microcephalse found in the Crimea. No further commen- 

 tary is necessary to show what confusion would result if the 

 cranial shape were assumed to be an absolute mark of race. 



The question may here be asked, why the skull has been pre- 

 ferentially selected to determine the race do the other parts 

 of the skeleton exhibit a less degree of constancy ? Hardly ; 

 but the skull was not only the most accessible, but the most 

 characteristic part, from its supposed relation to the psychical 

 qualities of man, however obscure this relation may yet be, for, 

 as to the fables of phrenology, these have been rejected by 

 German science. There can be no doubt that the skull has 

 been too exclusively considered as a permanent mark of race, 

 and it has become necessary no longer to neglect other physical 

 characters, for it is only in their entirety that they can afford 

 any satisfactory clue as to the peculiarities of each race. Which 

 of these peculiarities is the more or less important will only be 

 determined after a long series of investigations. A fair be- 

 ginning has been made by Quetelet, whose measurements have 

 extended to the proportions of individual parts composing the 

 body. He has arrived at the result, 4 that in the European race 

 the proportions of the body are constant, and that the measure- 

 ment of but few individuals is necessary to find the normal pro- 

 portions ; he considers it, moreover, as probable that the human 

 body is, in its forms and proportions, more definite than any 



1 " De craniis Esthonum," p. 9. 



2 Mailer's " ArcMv," p. 277, 1845. 



3 Ibid., p. 510, 1850. 



1 "Bullet, de 1'Acad. des Sc. de Belg.," xv, P. i, p. 580; P. ii, p. 16; xvi, 

 P. ii, pp. 11, 17; xvii, P. i, p. 344; P. ii, pp. 38, 95. 



