SECT. V.] LANGUAGES. 241 



think in words, but in whole sentences ; hence, we may assert, 

 that a living language consists of sentences, not of words. But 

 a sentence is formed not of single independent words, but 

 of words which refer to each other in a particular manner, 

 like the corresponding thought, which does not consist of single 

 independent ideas, but of such as, connected, form a whole, 

 and which determine each other mutually; hence the great 

 importance of the relations of words which are afforded by 

 grammatical structure. We shall illustrate this by somo 

 examples. 



In the sentence, "Tie will to-day in the night watch his 

 enemy in order to kill him," the chief idea, to which all 

 others are added, is the action of watching. The sensible 

 image of this action can be immediately conceived and repro- 

 duced by us. The action of watching is first defined, as in 

 this case, a future action, and this future is defined as occurring 

 to-day. The external circumstances are further to be defined 

 (in the night), the subject and the object of the action (he 

 enemy), and the relation of the subject to the object (his 

 enemy) ; then the object of the action, which is expressed in 

 the form of a second action (kill), the object of this second 

 action, and the relation of the same to the object of the first 

 action, a relation of identity (him his enemy) . Consequently, 

 the above sentence on leaving out all indications of the rela- 

 tions of the individual ideas which connected them, and instead 

 of the pronoun ' ' he" place the name of a person would be 

 expressed thus, 



" Watch (future to-day) night Cajus enemy kill 

 enemy." 



Such a sentence, consisting of unconnected words, which 

 would compel the listener to seek for himself all the relations 

 of these ideas, would certainly be better than no speech at all, 

 as it might be understood in spite of its obscurity. The appa- 

 rent imperfection would also be greatly lessened if there were 

 some fixed rules by wh^ch the relation of the words might be 

 recognized; such as that the governing always precedes the 

 governed, the chief idea always the subordinate idea, and so 

 forth. In such a state are the asynthetic, monosyllabic Ian- 



