SECT. II.] MARITAL RIGHTS. SHAME. 301 



person passes here and there, as a mark of submission. In the 

 kingdom of Melly all the slaves were formerly obliged to be 

 quite naked, and all the women had thus to appear before the 

 Sultan. 1 There are peoples among whom the males only are 

 dressed; 2 but even where the women go about quite naked, as 

 among the Chevas and Tumbucas on the Zambesi, it does not 

 affect their chastity. 8 On the Orinoco, where the mission- 

 aries on exhibiting marima shirts say, that clothes grow upon 

 the trees, the males are seemingly more ashamed of their 

 nakedness than the females. 4 



The influence of habit and custom is very great in these 

 matters. The following examples are not uninteresting. On 

 the Marquesas they are not at all ashamed to go about naked, but 

 it is considered indecent not to bind up the prepuce. 5 In New 

 Zealand and many islands of the South Sea the males are 

 ashamed to lay aside the suspensory. 6 The Fellah women 

 (which also happens in other Mahommedan countries) have no 

 hesitation in exposing every part of the body except the face. 

 The Tubori women in Central Africa go about quite naked, 

 wearing only a narrow strap, to which is attached a twig hang- 

 ing down behind ; they feel greatly ashamed if by chance the 

 twig falls off. 7 



In passing from sexual and family relations to the social 

 condition of uncivilized nations, but little can be said that is 

 generally characteristic. Families generally live near each 

 other independently under their own chief, gradually forming 

 little societies, without any form of government, until internal 

 dissensions or external attacks compel them to unite and sub- 

 mit to the sway of one or more individuals who have proved 

 their prowess or their wisdom. Such peoples may, however, re- 

 main for a long time without any organization, oscillating be- 



1 Ibu Batuta, " Journal Asiatique," i, p. 221, 4me serie. 



2 Koelle, " Polyglotta Afr.," p. 13. 



3 " Ausland," p. 262, 1858, according to Monteiro. 



4 Humboldt, " Eeise in die .33quinoctialg.," iv, p. 101 : iii, p. 95, ed. Hauff. 



5 Langsdorff, " Bemerk. auf. e. " Eeise urn. die Welt," p. 137, 1812 ; Lisi- 

 ansky, " Voyage round the World," p. 85, 1814 ; Eoquefeuil, " Journal d'un 

 Voyage autour du monde," i, p. 303, 1823. 



6 D'Urville " Voyage de 1* Astrolabe," ii, p. 482. 



7 Vogel, in Peteranann's " Mittheilungen," p. 138, 1857. 



