306 PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. [PART II 



state of war, the forms of salutation are merely tlie resull 

 of distrust of strangers, as among the American Indians 

 Australians, the Danakils in Africa. 1 As curiosities may here 

 be mentioned that among the Malays civility requires the heac 

 to be covered, the back turned, and the eyes cast down. 2 In 

 Sumatra, it is uncivil to mention one's own name. In Java 

 and the Eastern Carolines, one must not stand upright 

 nor sit down in the presence of high personages. It is rather 

 peculiar that the Arowakes in conversing do not look at each 

 other, as they say dogs do so. 3 



We must finally mention as characteristic, the general ab- 

 sence of all cleanliness among uncultured nations, one of the 

 first conditions of beauty in the eyes of the civilized man. This 

 is not always owing to mere neglect, for dirt is sometimes a 

 protection against cold. It is rare that this uncleanliness pro- 

 ceeds from principle, as in Hamaruwa on the Benuwe (Tchadda) , 

 where the wives of the Fulahs are cleaner than the men who, 

 as warriors or conquerors, despise cleanliness and ornaments. 4 

 How much all judgment on these matters depends on habit and 

 custom is proved by the Sandwich islanders, who collect and 

 eat their own lice, but feel disgust at eating from a plate in 

 which a fly has been drowned. 5 



We have endeavoured to illustrate the natural state of man 

 from two different points of view first, by inquiring how we 

 may imagine him independent of all experience and of. all cul- 

 tivation ; secondly, what experience teaches us of the psychical 

 life of such peoples as approach nearer the primitive, than 

 the civilized state. The answers to these two questions bear 

 such a great similarity that we may, on the whole, designate 

 the uncivilized nations namely, those of whom it cannot be 

 proved that at any time they occupied a higher stage of devel- 

 opment, as primitive peoples (Naturvolker) . We are the more 

 justified in doing so, as the traces of that condition which we 

 have assumed to have been the original state are still to 



1 Johnston, " Travels in South Abyssinia/' i, p. 154, 1844. 



2 Crawfurd, i, p. 98. 



3 " Quandt. nachr. v. Surinam," p. 267, 1807. 



4 Crowther, in Petermann's, " Mittheilungen," p. 225, 1855. 



5 Stewart, " Journal of a residence in the Sandwich Islands," p. 156, 1828. 



