SECT. II.] UNCULTIVATED WHITE RACES. 309 



severing than the Spanish Creoles, and their festivals never exhi- 

 bit the same coarseness which distinguishes those of the Creoles. 1 

 Many of the common utensils and tools of the Chilise, carts, 

 looms, ploughs, are extremely clumsy, scarcely better than 

 those of the Indians ; the axe 2 is chiefly used, the saw but little. 

 They are outdone by the superior agriculture of the Arauca- 

 nians. 3 They are very cleanly in their persons ; 4 they bathe 

 several times daily, and by their cleanliness in the villages, the 

 Indians of the tropics in America contrast with the immigrant 

 South-Europeans. 5 In the vicinity of Talcahuano (Chili) 

 D'Urville 6 found such miserable dirty huts, that they could 

 scarcely stand comparison with the habitations of the Poly- 

 nesians. Helms, after describing the indolent habits of the 

 Creoles of South America, 7 adds : " The Indians are the only 

 industrious class in this country ." The colonists in the Llanos 

 of Caraccas are too lazy to dig a well, though they know that 

 they could find the finest springs at a depth of ten feet. Even 

 at this day, there may be found in New Spain, flourishing 

 Indian villages and a well cultivated soil near miserable villages 

 of white Creoles. 8 Ploughs are there in use, made of wood 

 without any iron, and are always drawn by oxen, never by 

 horses ; 9 and the Spanish Californians, whom Simpson 10 has 

 described as lazy and degraded, still avail themselves of a 

 miserable plough and the canoe of the Indians. In Brazil the 

 structure of bridges is neglected even on the high road from 

 Bio Janeiro to Yilla-Eicca, and agriculture is carried on accord- 

 ing to the model of the Indians. The forest is burnt down ; 

 they sow, reap, and abandon the land after a few harvests. 11 

 The Brazilian peasant, especially in the central and northern 



1 French, " Journal, Royal Geogr. Society," ix, p. 398. 



2 Gardiner, " Visit to the Ind. on the frontier of Chili," pp. 155, 163, 1841. 



3 Genoux, in " Bullet. Soc. Geogr.," i, p. 150, 1852. 



4 Stevenson, " Reise in Arauco," i, p. 5, 1826. 



5 Poppig, " Reise in Chile and Peru," ii, pp. 352, 354, 1835. 



6 " Voyage au Pole Sud," iii, p. 47. 



7 " Travels from Buouos Ayres, by Potosi, to Lima," pp. 15, 36, 2nd edit., 

 1807. 



8 W. Thompson, " Recollections of Mexico," p. 1, 1846. 



9 Duflot de Mofras, " Exploration de TOregon des Calif," p. 17, 1844. 



10 " Narrative of a Journey round the World," 1847. 



11 A. de St. Hilaire, " Voyage dans I'mterieur du Bresil," i, p. 191, 1830. 



