SECT. II.] EACE ASCENDANCY. 327 



of the Arabs, who once ruled the finest parts of Europe, and 

 both in science and art, excelled most nations of that period. 



In order to prove the natural superiority of the white race 

 over all others, particular stress has been laid on the circum- 

 stance that wheresoever they came in contact with the latter, 

 they invariably became their masters. But this superiority, as 

 can be easily shown, is not owing to the race as such, but to their 

 civilization. Gunpowder, brandy, faithlessness, and cruelty, 

 were pretty much the chief means by which the aborigines of 

 their respective countries were subjected. The old world fur- 

 nishes two remarkable exceptions to the above assumption. 

 In Hungary and Turkey, peoples of a foreign stock have per- 

 manently fixed themselves and subjected the white race; and 

 in Africa, the Turks subjected the Arabs and the Berbers. 

 How long in the West Indies, the dominion of the Whites, 

 constituting only 5 per cent, of the population, may last after 

 the emancipation of the Negroes, is very doubtful, unless there 

 be a constant reinforcement from the mother-country. 1 



On casting a retrospective glance at the numerous facts, and 

 the various points of view from which we have endeavoured to 

 elucidate the main question, we are irresistibly led to the con- 

 clusion that there are no specific differences among mankind 

 with regard to their psychical life. The great difference in 

 civilization amongst peoples of the same stock, testifies that 

 the degree of civilization does not chiefly depend on organiza- 

 tion or mental endowment. 



Those modern authors who recognize only a specific psychi- 

 cal difference between the white and the black races, proceed 

 in the manner of those who assume specific physical differ- 

 ences between them namely, they view only the extremes ; 

 and their task would be easy enough were it not for the in- 

 termediate transitions. Nevertheless, there is also in this 

 respect a remarkable parallelism between the mental and phy- 

 sical provinces, inasmuch as the differences of mental en- 

 dowment and development in individuals of the same race, and 

 in the same people at different periods, are not less considerable 



1 Doweling, " Religious Partizanship/' p. 55, 1854. 



