328 PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. [PART II. 



than those which are described as specific in the chief races. 

 Hence it is inadmissible to assume with Klemm and Wuttke, 

 active and passive races ; to consider like Eichthal, the white 

 man as the representative of the male, and the Negro as the re- 

 presentative of the female element in the " organism" of hu- 

 manity, and to consider both as necessary, but essentially differ- 

 ently endowed members of it. It is further unreasonable to 

 ascribe, like Nott and Gliddon, to the lower races merely animal 

 instincts, but to the white races a higher instinct for mental pro- 

 gress which impels them to their historical development. All 

 those schematizing theories, however plausible they may be, 

 are irreconcilable with a close investigation of the facts, and 

 we hope in the sequel to prove their groundlessness by more 

 special proofs than we have hitherto been able to adduce. 



SECTION III. 



ON THE VARIOUS DEGREES OF CIVILIZATION, AND THE 

 CHIEF CONDITIONS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT. 



The investigation of the greatest differences existing in the 

 psychical life of mankind, has proved unfavourable to the as- 

 sumption of specific differences, which we felt warranted in 

 considering as merely fluctuating, and traceable to the oppo- 

 sition of nature and cultivation. The correctness of this view 

 cannot, however, be considered as established, until the degrees 

 intermediate between the natural and the civilized state have 

 been exposed, so as to show that the progressive mental de- 

 velopment of some peoples, and the remarkable stability of 

 others, essentially depend upon other causes than on the differ- 

 ences of their original mental endowment. 



That the so-called lower races do not emerge from the bar- 

 barous state in which they have apparently been from time 

 immemorial, that they exhibit no desire to leave it, that in 

 spite of example and teaching they seein to remain what they 

 ever were, can no doubt very easily be explained by the as- 



