338 PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. [PART II. 



it, and renders it more secure if combined with agriculture. It 

 is on this combination that progressive civilization depends ; 

 separately they effect but little. Here it may be right to 

 mention, that in the whole of America, Peru alone, at an 

 early period, had domesticated animals, namely, the llama 

 and alpaca, whilst of edible plants, it possessed the potato 

 and the quinoa. With the exception of Peru, pastoral life 

 could not prevail in the New World, the want of which, as 

 Humboldt 1 has shown, exercised a decisive influence on the 

 civilization of the inhabitants. The dog was much used as a 

 beast of burden, and its influence on the mode of life of the 

 natives was unimportant. Even the horse, which the Europeans 

 introduced into the Northern and Southern continent, has 

 proved ineffectual in America as a means of civilization, show- 

 ing plainly that the effect produced by the most important 

 domestic animals depends on the mode of life and the degree 

 of cultivation which the people had then already acquired. 

 The buffalo chase, without the horse, must be more difficult 

 and less productive, as the buffaloes are gregarious, and swift- 

 ness is more requisite than craft. Little apt for breeding in 

 general, the American has not used the horse for such a pur- 

 pose : he catches it according to his requirements, so that this 

 animal merely contributed in inducing him to continue a hunting 

 life. On the other hand, the camel, which was but introduced 

 into Africa from the East in the third century, 2 is, in the 

 deserts of North Africa and Arabia, often the sole means of 

 subsistence ; its milk, its endurance and usefulness as a beast 

 of burden, have rendered these parts accessible, and almost 

 everywhere has this animal exercised an important influence 011 

 the mode of life. This applies also to the horse in relation to 

 the equestrian nations of the interior of Asia and the greater 

 portion of Arabia. 



The climatic conditions which so much influence the tem- 

 perament and character, and the natural products which deter- 

 mine the modes of life, are not the sole agents in the develop- 



1 " Reise in die JSqninoctialg." ii, p. 382, ed. Hauff. 



2 " L'Institut./' p. 136, 1857. 



