SECT. III.] EFFECTS OF INTEEMIXTUEE. WARS. 347 



isolation are now animated by a common interest, and united in 

 common action, so important for the social development of a 

 people. One of the most important effects of war is this, that 

 the commanding and obeying elements temporarily subsisting 

 in war become permanent after its termination ; for though the 

 wars of savages do not immediately lead to the establishment 

 of despotism, still the relations between master and servant, 

 between conqueror and conquered, are established, relations 

 which, in various forms and degrees, are found in all the higher 

 stages of civilization, and seem, in fact, indispensable to its 

 development. 



The notions of right are developed by wars, for it is only after 

 the peoples have measured their strength that they commence 

 making mutual concessions, and especially so with reference to 

 denning the boundaries of their possessions. The first conse- 

 quence of war is, that fixed relations are established between 

 peoples, which render friendly intercourse possible, an inter- 

 course which becomes more important from the interchange of 

 knowledge and experience than from the mere interchange of 

 commodities. The reception of the conquered among the victors 

 leads frequently to the same result, the latter appropriating, not 

 only the labour, but the arts of the conquered. It is chiefly the 

 collision of a civilized with a barbarous people which, directly or 

 indirectly, influences the latter, as exemplified in the collisions 

 of the Eomans and Germans. There must, however, be rather 

 a fusion than an enslavement. Individuals, however highly 

 civilized when settling among savages, can never effect a trans- 

 formation of the latter ; they will rather sink down to their 

 level, and degenerate or remain isolated amongst them, and, if 

 they produce any effect, it will be merely transitory. 



As regards the effects produced by intermixture of peoples 

 and tribes on mental endowment, and the mode in which it 

 modifies temperament and mental peculiarities, all that is known 

 is, that a remarkable transformation actually takes place. As 

 we have already stated, there are two opposite theories, both of 

 which are equally extreme and erroneous. Gobineau is of 

 opinion, that intermixture between different races contains the 

 germ of the necessary decay and final extinction of all civiliza- 



