SECT. III.] EESULTS OF TRADE. 367 



security of life and property, have become lazy, contrary to 

 Brooke's expectation that it would stimulate their industry. 1 

 Such an expectation is not always realized, since deliverance 

 from oppression and the establishment of order alone do not 

 positively impel man to labour. These impulses, as has been 

 justly observed, arise only when new physical or mental 

 wants are excited, such as can only be supplied by their own 

 activity; it is then that trade may become a lever for the 

 civilization of savage tribes. 



If the new wants which arise in a people are in the direction 

 of progress, much has already been gained. Thus, for in- 

 stance, in Delagoa Bay the natives, although inveterate 

 smokers, preferred being paid for their services in clothing. 1 

 There are many and striking instances, especially in the South 

 Sea, of progress shown in the proper estimation of commodi- 

 ties. The acquirement of such wants may, however, become 

 injurious if the people do not learn to supply them by their 

 own efforts, and become thus dependent on importation which 

 is irregular. If commerce is to raise a people, it is neces- 

 sary, not merely that it obtain a knowledge of really useful 

 foreign products, but that it should endeavour to reproduce 

 them, not directly, but indirectly, by increasing their own 

 produce by labour. Next to the opportunity of exchanging 

 the commodities, stand as chief conditions, security for life and 

 property and the possession of a currency in sufficient quantity. 

 Gold, ivory, and the slave trade have not, as Cruickshank ob- 

 serves, been sufficient to raise the Negro on the gold coast ; but 

 now flourishing palm oil trade, which annually imports 150 

 tons of cawris as current coin, will effect much. Similar improve- 

 ments are now taking place in Senegambia, whence European 

 trade exports skins, wood, palm oil, etc., all which must be 

 gained by the labour of the natives, who are thus habituated 

 to labour and to European requirements. 



In investigating the influences upon the civilization and de- 

 velopment of various peoples, we have first considered the phy- 

 sical conditions and the accidental events. We have further 



1 Keppel, " A visit to the Indian Archipelago/' ii, p. 61, 1853. 



2 Owen, " Narr. of a voy. to Explore the Shores of Africa," i, p. 



159, 1833. 



