122 EX VIRIBUS VIVIMUS. 



be so low in the scale as Dr. Guy's observations on 

 partial data at one time led him to believe. 



Men living in towns are likely to suffer expenditure 

 through intemperance, in addition to which they are 

 more liable to be taxed by diseases, favoured as these 

 are by diminished oxygenation and the close con- 

 tiguity of persons. Hence we understand the low 

 longevity of bakers, and the still lower longevity of 

 clerks, to whose sedentary habits the tax of anxiety 

 and mental labour is added. 



The expenditure of mental labour in its highest 

 forms as antagonizing longevity is well illustrated in 

 Dr. Guy's comparisons of the more and less dis- 

 tmguished members of professions. 



The small longevity of males in Liverpool is due 

 to increased expenditure dependent on crowding, as 

 just observed, and in a measure on the greater 

 struggle, not for existence, but 'to get on,' — a 

 struggle in which existence is not considered, and 

 is in many cases lost, — which naturally occurs in the 

 great cities. 



That sovereigns (dying natural deaths) are short- 

 lived, is explicable partly by what has been said of 

 luxury, and partly by anxiety, both involving expen- 

 diture. It is noticeable that those sovereigns who 

 have won and not inherited their position have been 

 longer lived than those who have been born from a 

 stock bred in injurious luxury for generations. This 

 is as we should expect, such men being the strong 



