50 man: 



animals ; and if, on the other hand, reason means the 

 power to discriminate between certain courses of 

 axition, and to choose one in preference to another, 

 then are the lower animals, and especially many of 

 the higher mammals, by no means without it. And 

 here, while on the subject of mind, we may be par- 

 doned for hintiag to psychologists, that as anatomy 

 and physiology have derived incalculable aid from the 

 study of the structure of the lower forms of life, so 

 may psychology obtain important assistance from a 

 more intimate study of mental manifestations in the 

 lower animals. If, as Edward Forbes has well re- 

 marked, the lower forms of life be " living analyses 

 of higher organised compounds," as far as regards 

 their somatic side, they are equally so as concerns 

 their intellectual nature ; and what often baffles on 

 account of its complexity in man might be rendered 

 comprehensible by a study of its simpler manifesta- 

 tions in the lower orders. If as zoologists we cannot 

 possibly dissociate the physical structure of man from 

 the great scheme of life, neither as psychologists are 

 we entitled to attempt a severance of his intellectual 

 nature, unless as a matter of degree, and for the mere 

 convenience of provisional arrangement. 



The main difference seems to be that the in- 

 tellectual principle in the lower animals soon reaches 

 its cUmax and remains stationary, while in man it is 



