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grateful, obedient, good-natured; and again false, 

 treacherous, disobedient, revengeful, jealous, etc. 

 Their actions frequently evince deliberation and 

 memory. It is in vain to derive such actions from 

 so-called instinct, which unconsciously compels them 

 so to act. But though we cannot deny to animals 

 consciousness — we assert that man alone possesses 

 self-consciousness, that is, the capacity of meditating 

 on himself and his connection with the rest of 

 creation." And again, a recent writer — Mr. C. 

 "Wake — in the Anthropological Review, vol. i., contends 

 " that the true explanation of the inferiority of the 

 lower animals is, that their mental powers, though 

 not imperfect either in their constitution, develop- 

 ment, or operation, and though containing in them- 

 selves the germ of all truth, are yet limited in their 

 very nature, and incapable, without the assistance of 

 a higher principle, of reaching beyond a certain range 

 of knowledge. The soul is essentially instinctive ; 

 but superadded to instinct it possesses the power of 

 storing up its sensational experiences, of recalling 

 them by memory, and of reasoning from them and 

 forming judgments as to their relations. It is 

 observable, however, that although brute -reason 

 enables its subjects to reason from past experience as 

 to the proper conduct under particular circumstances, 

 it never enables them to get further. The lower 



