HIS ETHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS. 77 



menbach's idea of varieties (Caucasian, Mongolian, 

 American, Malay, and Ethiopian) as the least compli- 

 cated and familiar, let us try how far their relative 

 antiquity, superiority, and probable advancement, are 

 determinable. These white, yellow, red, brown, and 

 black varieties, though shading into each other on 

 their respective geological confines, are, in the main, 

 sufi&ciently distinct, and present physical and mental 

 characteristics which rank them at once as higher and 

 lower; as fitted for development into newer and 

 higher varieties, or as doomed to extinction. There 

 can be no gainsaying that the Caucasian, or white 

 man of western Asia and Europe, stands physically 

 and intellectually on a higher platform than the 

 Mongol or yellow man of eastern and northern Asia. 

 Within the last four thousand years the former has 

 notably advanced in art, science, and literature — in 

 all, in fact, which constitutes civilisation ; while, 

 during the same period, the latter has remained almost 

 stationary, or but little progressive. Again, however 

 much mistaken philanthropy may argue to the con- 

 trary, there can be as little doubt that the Ethiopian, 

 or black man of Africa, is inferior both to Mongol 

 and Malay, and still more so to the Caucasian.* He 



* Even physically the white mam is his superior, and has 

 greater power of endurance, according to the Livingstones, even 

 under the burning sun of his own natural habitat. " Our experi- 



