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in many instances the victims, of the rude implement- 

 makers of Western Europe 1 All that we know of 

 animal life tends to the belief that new species require 

 ages for their development ; and these] extinct oxen, 

 even though occurring in the very uppermost of these 

 deposits, necessarily imply a vast and venerable an- 

 ' tiquity. But great as this may be, the occurrence in 

 the south-west of Europe of the reindeer and musk- 

 ox, animals now peculiar to boreal climates, iuvolves 

 a corresponding climate in the region where their 

 remains occur ; and as climatic changes are brought 

 about by the slow and gradual oscillations of sea and 

 land, an enormous time must have elapsed since the 

 reindeer and musk-ox herded in the latitudes of 

 France, and a primitive race of men feasted on their 

 flesh, clothed themselves with their skins, and whiled 

 away the time in carving their rude representations 

 on^their implements and utensUs* Still earUer than 

 these, and far more remote, are the remains of the 

 great Irish deer, the hairy elephant or mammoth, and 

 the woolly-haired rhinoceros, remains of which lie in 

 juxtaposition with the rude flint hatchets and spear- 

 heads of the first-known inhabitants of Europe. The 

 thick hairy covering of these animals, the undigested 



* Rude representations of the reindeer and mammotli have been 

 found on the 'bone-relios of the caves of Southern Prance, and are 

 noticed in the works of MM. Lartet, Le Hon, and others. 



